'The Effects of Heroin on a Person’s Brain and Body: a Literature Review\r'

'Running Head: soulfulnessal ca accustom OF HEROIN ON A some tree trunk The Effects of diacetylmorphia on a Person’s forefront and form: A Literature suss out cusk Huber Wal hideout University Psych 8226-04 Biopsychology Dr. John Redmon August 18, 2010 Abstract This literature review looks at the detri psychogenic effects of diacetylmorphine. Since galore(postnominal) diacetylmorphine economic consumptionrs often run short abstracted, it is classic to look at its ramifications. germ with a brief score of the pump, beca habituate discussing discussion programs for those who switch problems with diacetylmorphine abuse, this writing servicings to better regard logical reasons that diacetylmorphine is an contraband nub.The Effects of diacetylmorphine on a Person’s soul and Body: A Literature Review Heroin, also known as diacetylmorphine, is an illegal medicate in the United States and many another(prenominal) other countries. Heroin has devast ating results on the inclination and body. This paper looks at diacetylmorphine’s history, its consequences on the adept and body, colony possibilities, and available options for manipulation for diacetylmorphine abusers. What is Heroin? Chemical make-up Breaking lose weight back the parts of the word, diacetylmorphine, di means deuce, acetyl is a radical derived from acetic acid, and morphine is a drug derived from the opium poppy plant utilise to lenify ache.Heroin, on the street, is generally not pure. medicate dealers often add other things in the drug to stretch their dollar (Furst, 2000). The terminal for adding things to a drug is called cutting it. match to Furst, easily attainable items, such as lactose and milk net income, can cut heroin. Quinine, a psychoactive drug that enhances the heroin high, is also a common choice. accounting Upon enquirying the history of heroin, very few research articles were located. Many tend to focus on its results in present day life.Unfortunately, this inequity of instruction in Walden University’s academic databases, the internet provided much of the information regarding the history of heroin. Using vigilant discernment and finespun judgment, the pursuance information appe atomic number 18d relevant and blue-chip in understanding the path of heroin. Heinrich Dreser, an employee of the acetylsalicylic acid Company (the same as directly’s Bayer Asprin), first notice heroin in 1895 by diluting morphine (PBS, 1998).It was later that heroin was advertised and exchange as an over-the-counter medication. Acknowledged for having the pain relieving effects of morphine, without the side effects and dependances, heroin became the new choice for pain relief. Unfortunately, a researcher in Bayer laboratories unethically withheld the truth of this information (HeroinAbuse. Net, 2007; PBS, 1998). The use, abuse, and colony to heroin grew in the United States, and around the world, passim the early 1900s.Access to heroin on the streets, disdain its illegal status, became easier and soon it became a asterisk when American celebrities (Janis Joplin, John Belushi, and Kurt Cobain, to name a few) overdosed and died out-of-pocket to use of the drug and its mixed bag with other illegal substances (PBS, 1998). Today, heroin is quiet down illegal, but is prominent in the lives of many who use or know psyche who uses. Effects of Heroin on the Brain Drugs become illegal usually due to the negative consequences.Franken, Stam, Hendriks, and van den doorsill (2004) found that heroin can train a negative result on the brain by limiting and fire different areas hunt downing the long clock era abuser to possess negative characteristics quasi(prenominal) to both Alzheimer’s patients and individuals with multiple sclerosis (dementia and brain lesions, respectively). While their study shared a lot about semipermanent users of heroin, it failed to present information regarding limited-use of heroin users. It is semiprecious information to know how heroin use affects both groups. The difference between users and abusers pass on be discussed in the addiction component of this paper. Li, et al. 2005) discovered major disruptions in the rational cortex and central nervous clay when they autopsied accidental deaths of heroin addicts. While it is thought-provoking to study the definitive effects of heroin on the brain in patients spot alive, postmortem patients provide valuable information regarding the effects of heroin use on the brain. While traces of heroin were found throughout the brain, they discovered a large numerate in the hippocampus and the basal ganglia (Li, et al. , 2005). These heroin cells left lesions in the brain, which could have lead to decreased blood flow to the organs and even death (Li, et al. , 2005).It is clear that the brain is affected by the use of heroin, succeeding(a) we will look at the effects of heroin on the body. Effects of Heroin on the Body Heroin affects vision. Firth (2005) study its effects. Many heroin users reported individuala vision (diplopia); the author thought it was in-chief(postnominal) to see whether it was a temporary or permanent condition. Eye exercises or specially made glasses corrected the mass of diplopic conditions. Shao, et al. (2006), tested and found that those with the DRD4 VNTR long buy out allele were more potential to petition heroin after seeing heroin related stimuli, than with the similar DRD4 VNTR short retell allele.This type of research provides information to incoming researchers to study this particular allele and mayhap find a â€Å"cure” for heroin addiction. While this may not be the only part of the human body that turn ups addiction tendencies towards heroin, it is a stepping-stone towards a future(a) of understanding heroin addiction and by chance generalizes that information towards addictions to any subst ance. Addiction Addiction, in general, has been viewed from many different angles. Many influences kick upstairs one to begin using a substance.O’Brien (2003) states that when discussing addition agent variable, there are three categories to take into consideration. First, agent variables accept the onset and duration of the high, and price of the substance. Second, soldiers variables implicate a risk-taking personality, likeliness of the person to get high, hereditary influences, and a thirst to self-medicate. Lastly, environmental variables complicate peer pressure, and the use of a substance by a role model. These three groups of variables are valuable to take into consideration when identifying and analyzing an addiction.Viewing addiction from two perspectives, it is in one’s brain, or addiction is a continuing ailment (O’Brien, 2003). Research has found that brain role is different in the brain of an addict than it is in the brain of a non-addict. Applying the affection approach to addiction, turns are common and cannot be helped. The philosophy resembles the thoughts such as â€Å"would you penalize a diabetic for having a sugar crash? ” Many times the ideas cigaret addiction are challenging for spate to comprehend when they have not had an addiction themselves or seen another person go through it.It is important for researchers to study addiction so that we can better understand it and help those who are addicted to substances. gibe to the DSM-IV-TR (American psychiatrical Association, 2000), an addiction to heroin would be classified as an opioid dependence. The characteristics of a person who is dependent upon heroin (a member of the opioid family) include the use of the drug without a prescription, self-medicating, fixation with obtaining the drug, high tolerance for the drug, and withdrawal symptoms when use is abruptly ended.Chiang, et al. (2006), looked at the likelihood of atavism for heroin users and found that of their 166 heroin abusers, just now about 80% of them relapsed in the five-year study. This is a larger percentage and ties into the idea of heroin addiction being a chronic dis exhibition that affects an individual throughout their life. Treatment With relapse having such prevalence in the life of heroin abusers castigateing to abstain, finding a successful sermon program is an important task. Blanken, et al. 2005), found significant success in programs that utilized a mix of heroin and methadone as a intercession to curb withdrawal symptoms, over those that used only methadone. One may point the help of using an addictive substance to treat an addiction, but it is similar to the idea of weaning a child by breast milk by easily introducing bottles alongside the breast. While it takes some time for the weaning process, it decreases the likelihood of relapse. Gossop, Stewart, and Marsden (2006) found that participants in a methadone treatment program, who ori ginal drug related counseling, were less potential to elapse than those who received generic or no counseling. This is important information for clinics that have methadone treatments programs because they can use the research to enhance their programs to better fit their patients and help in their treatments. Research (Marissen, et al. , 2006) has found that in-patient patients, who showed by-line towards heroin related cues, were more likely to relapse after treatment, than those who did not show interest in the cues. The next go for future research may include assessing whether the desire for heroin makes treatment more difficult.Whether an addict has a problem in their brain, or whether they have a chronic disease, heroin use and abuse is a grave topic for consideration (O’Brien, 2003). From the characteristics that labor a person to first try heroin, to the nagging need for the high of just one more hit, the drug is a dangerous chemical that can have serious repercuss ions on both the brain and the body. Researcher need to continue their twist in examining heroin as a chemical, drug, and addictive substance in order to assist in the best treatment for its use. With continued research, there may be a cure for heroin addiction, or even addiction itself.References American psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed, Text Revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. Blanken, P. , Hendriks, V. M. , Koeter, M. W. J. , van Ree, J. M. , & van den Brink, W. (2005). unified of treatment-resistant heroin-dependent patients to medical prescription or heroin or oral methadone treatment: Results from two randomized controlled trials. Addiction, 100, 89-95. Chiang, S. -C.. Chan, H. -Y. , Chen, C. -H. , Sun, H. -J. , Chang, H. -J. , Chen, W. J. , Lin, S. -K. , & Chen, C. -K. (2006).Recidivism among male subjects incarcerated for outlaw(a) drug use in Taiwan. psychological medicine &# 038; Clinical Neurosciences, 60, 444-451. Firth, A. Y. (2005). Heroin and diplopia. Addiction, 100, 46-50. Franken, I. H. A. , Stam, C. J. , Hendriks, V. M. , & van den Brink, W. (2004). Electroencephalographic power and coherence analyses evoke altered brain function in abstinent male heroin-dependent patients. Neuropsychobiology, 49, 105-110. Gossop, M. , Stewart, D. , & Marsden, J. (2006). Effectiveness of drug and alcohol counseling during methadone treatment: content, frequency, and duration of counseling and association with substance use outcomes.Addiction, 101, 404-412. HeroinAbuse. Net. (2007). History of heroin. [Website]. Retrieved July 8, 2010, from http://www. heroinabuse. net/heroin_history. php Li, L. , Lu, G. , Yao, H. , Zhao, Y. , Feng, Z. , & Yew, D. T. (2005). atomic number 61 changes in the central nervous governance and adrenal medulla of the heroin addicts. world(prenominal) Journal of Neuroscience, 115, 1443-1449. Marissen, M. A. E. , Franke n, I. H. A. , Waters, A. J. , Blanken, P. , van den Brink, W. , & Hendriks, V. M. (2006). attentional bias predicts heroin relapse following treatment. Addiction, 9, 1306-1312. National Kidney Foundation. (2008).Drug abuse and your kidneys. [Website]. Retrieved July 10, 2010, from http://www. kidney. org/atoz/atozItem. cfm? id=44 O’Brien, C. P. (2003). Research advances in the understanding and treatment of addiction. The Journal on Addictions, 12, S36-S47. PBS. (1998). Opium throughout history. [Website]. Retrieved July 18, 2010, from http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heroin/etc/history. html Shao, C. , Li, Y. , Jiang, K. , Xu, Y. , Lin, Y. , Wang, Q. , Zhao, M. , & Jin, L. (2006). Dopamine D4 receptor polymorphism modulates cue-elicited heroin craving in Chinese. Psychopharmacology, 186, 185-190.\r\n'