How Irish History Affected Its Music :: essays research papers

Reilly 1How Irish History Affects Its MusicAfter seven hundred years of British rule, and many uprisings that ended in failure, Ireland had reached a breakthrough. This breakthrough had an affect on many different people, especially Irish musicians. The series of uprisings and wars that led to the freedom of most of Ireland developed a new form of Irish music the rebel songs. On Easter Monday of 1916, the first shot of the Easter Uprising was fired. Six members of the Irish Citizen Army shot a policeman on the streets of Dublin in the head. This was the start of a new era, an era where Ireland would be free. Pearse, the Commander in chief of the Irish Citizen Army, and Connolly, the leader of the Dublin division, led the principal(prenominal) body of troops through Dublin to the General Post Office. The G.P.A. became the rebels headquarters for the six-day battle against the British Army. There were heavy casualties on the British side, but the Irish were still unsuccessful. There statement was made though, and they surrendered on the following Sunday. Two thousand people were arrested that day, and the leaders Reilly 2were put to death. Even though the pilot burner opinion of the people about the uprising wasnt in favor of it, after the death of the leaders they were outraged. (Coogan,Troubles pgs. 19-25) In May of 1918 the remainder of the prisoners were released. The shadow judicature and the Irish Republican Army were established. Eamon DeVelera was the president of the shadow government, and Michael Collins and Harry Boland, his right hand men, are associated with the IRAs establishment. The IRA performed many uncontrollable acts towards the British and any Irish spies that they hired. The British felt that something needed to be done but did not have the troops due to the First domain War. To work around this they sent in a hand-picked elite group that were called the Black and Tans. An Irish spy that was giving information to the IRA in pass for his life informed them of the Black and Tans addresses. They then went and killed many of them. This led to the British calling a truce. (Coogan,Troubles,pgs. 35-42)Michael Collins was chosen to go over to London to act this truce. They came to an agreement that Reilly 3Ireland, except six northern counties known as Ulster, would become a freestate, but still pledge allegiance to Britain.

Different and Similar friends :: social issues

Different and Similar friends any(prenominal) people prefer to lay down friends who argon incompatible from them and some prefer to have friends who argon similar to them. Which do you prefer?According to chemistry-students, second year, RUPP, many wish to have friends for their studying. Some students prefer to make friends who be similar to them and some think that the friends who they like are different from them. There are many reasons that cause those people deficiency to choose persons who they want to be friend.On the one hand, making friends is to think closely the age sometimes. People can use the formal languages to communicate to from each one other without worry about obeying to each other. They easily call their name directly when they meet each other inside and outside the class. For example, Meng Thia and Monorom are friends and they like talking to each other very closely and tightly when they are in class even at along the road to RUPP. To be of the compara ble age is a springy point for people who like making friends who are similar.Another thing to consider for discussion if people prefer friends who are similar, they think about the lineament of those people. First, they can get along with each other for long times when the have similar attitude or feature. Second, they are normally satisfied with their behavior. For instance, Saveoun admires her friend, Chann Rith, because of Chann Riths attitude she show s in class. Characteristic help keeping friendship for many people, and offer many advantages.On the other hand, many students tint that it is a better way to associate with friends who are different to them. Peoples familiarity is not equal, so it is divided up to each other. Sometimes students destiny their experiences or help solving the problem when someone does not understand well about it. In addiction, we can take care knowledge or proficiency from friends to deal the problem with many ways. In face, Rithy and Soriya have different methods to explain the definition of chemical elements Rithy learns from Soriya and also Soriya from Rithy. Sharing knowledge makes people increase their knowledge and become good friends with people whose knowledge are exchanged.One other reason is the strategy. First, some students work with their timetable very well, so others who think that they have different strategy want to create relationship as friends with those persons. Also, some students tell their strategy of managing times for their every days life to students who have promiscuous abilities of management.Different and Similar friends social issuesDifferent and Similar friendsSome people prefer to have friends who are different from them and some prefer to have friends who are similar to them. Which do you prefer?According to chemistry-students, second year, RUPP, many like to have friends for their studying. Some students prefer to make friends who are similar to them and some think that the friend s who they like are different from them. There are many reasons that cause those people want to choose persons who they want to be friend.On the one hand, making friends is to think about the age sometimes. People can use the formal languages to communicate to each other without worry about obeying to each other. They easily call their name directly when they meet each other inside and outside the class. For example, Meng Thia and Monorom are friends and they like talking to each other very closely and tightly when they are in class even at along the road to RUPP. To be of the same age is a vital point for people who like making friends who are similar.Another thing to consider for discussion if people prefer friends who are similar, they think about the characteristic of those people. First, they can get along with each other for long times when the have similar attitude or feature. Second, they are normally satisfied with their behavior. For instance, Saveoun admires her friend, C hann Rith, because of Chann Riths attitude she show s in class. Characteristic help keeping friendship for many people, and offer many advantages.On the other hand, many students feel that it is a better way to associate with friends who are different to them. Peoples knowledge is not equal, so it is shared to each other. Sometimes students share their experiences or help solving the problem when someone does not understand well about it. In addiction, we can learn knowledge or technique from friends to deal the problem with many ways. In face, Rithy and Soriya have different methods to explain the definition of chemical elements Rithy learns from Soriya and also Soriya from Rithy. Sharing knowledge makes people increase their intelligence and become good friends with people whose knowledge are exchanged.One other reason is the strategy. First, some students work with their timetable very well, so others who think that they have different strategy want to create relationship as frie nds with those persons. Also, some students tell their strategy of managing times for their every days life to students who have weak abilities of management.

Benefits of Internships :: Career Jobs

Readings for the 21st CenturyNo Time for FunMost internships are good to curb because they volunteer and help before they break down an employee. Companies find interns from the interns coming to them. Corporations and companies get the interns because most interns want to look for good jobs they want, because most of them have college credits, and are looking for experience. Companies and corporations get interns because they are looking for a good record of good experience in the position they are applying for. There are many benefits for the interns. Although, internships are usually thought of as benefiting the tangible intern, they offer the employer many benefits as well. Internships are great(p) for the employer because of the help they give, costs they dont have to pay for, usually, boosted credentials, such as qualifications and they benefit from strength future employees.The job above the interns, employers, gets lots of help from interns in lots of ways. 2Interns hel p from anywhere form, building, cleaning up, and specialized camps and summertime-abroad programs(Lab, 77). Interns make the employers job a whole lot easier. They dont have to work as much as they would if an intern didnt care to help. But the interns make real they do, only to make a positive effect on the employer to hire them with more satisfaction. Princeton Review got so many tutoring requests in the ritzy Hamptons this year that it had to accept a summer house to accommodate all the tutors.(Labi,77). Tony Bialoruki, 18, of Toledo, Ohio, was a caddy before trading in his golf clubs for a toolbox last summer to help build an orphanage in Guatemala.(Labi,77) Employers, companies, and corporations enjoy having interns around. Most of the employers dont have to pay for interns to come and gain experience. They find it nice to have them come and learn, and have experience which makes the job easier and get better at the work they have for them. And companies can save money just f or having an intern with great qualities work for them, and make the companies look good for what it deserves. The job market is as strong as we have seen it in decades.(Labi,77) On the other hand, Wall Street, saucily York City, interns can earn up to $seven hundred dollars weekly, and sometimes get bonuses of $two thousand to $three thousand dollars(Labi,77) Boosted credentials benefits the employer by the interns qualifications such as, a college

An Account of Racial Inequality in Langston Hughes Freedom Train :: Hughes Freedom Train Essays

An Account of Racial Inequality in Langston Hughes emancipation Train Freedom Train by Langston Hughes is a powerful and eye-opening account of racial inequality in the early Twentieth century. Hughes poem is filled with a sense of raillery but also hope towards the future. This tongue-in-cheek look at the so-called Freedom Train is a powerful image. Langston Hughes included in-chief(postnominal) ideas in a simple and original way. Hughes was writing at the height of the Harlem Renaissance and his focus remained on issues faced by African Americans, but he did not stop on the injustices. Freedom Train and other writings of Langston Hughes had a very hopeful tone. The poem, written in 1947, was produced in a time surrounded by war, patriotism, and also racism in America. World War II was ending and patriotism was at a high. The title, Freedom Train was coined from a locomotive that carried the Constitution, closure of Independence, and other important American documents on a tour across the United States. People were free to visit this train when it arrived in their town. This was one font of growing patriotism after World War II. The irony of this poem is, as Hughes points out, the fact that the American people were celebrating this Freedom Train and documents assuring our freedom, art object African Americans were still not even considered equal citizens by most white Americans. Racism was still common and blacks were still treated as inferiors. These injustices atomic number 18 what Hughes is concerned with. Hughes cannot fathom this as the Freedom Train because he has no real sense of freedom, but he is hopeful and looks to the future. Hugh asks, How can this be a Freedom Train? He remarks that he cannot even sit in the white mans railroad car that, at the same time, is encouraging freedom. The irony is unbelievable. Hughes is, in a sense, waiting for his own freedom train in a much deeper sense. By taking this poem one section at a ti me, and looking at the historical significance, one discovers these important links and underlying messages conveyed by Langston Hughes. Langston Hughes gives us an African American view on many issues that were important during this time. He writes in a very sarcastic manner when speaking of the Freedom Train.

Drunken Mother :: essays research papers

A Drunken Mother, wow where do I start. This sustain really gets one to thinking of what it was and, in any(prenominal) cases is like to be a woman. This book was one of which I would never even think to read near cause of the title. The title to me suggests that it is a book by a woman for a woman and is write in a way for mothers to understand. But in fact its the opposite it written in a way for all to see the trials her life. Nancy starts off by learning that then man in the house is boss at an former(a) get along with. Her mother plays a role of big time neglect and spends most of her time appear doing other things such as drinking. At an early age she learned that the man of the house was the boss and what he said goes. It was at this time that she began to fall into the female role of doing things the way they were suppose to be done. She as well realized that Doctor John was not going to see things her way and that what he wanted was to be. This young female does all that she can to be boffo with skating and what does Doc John do he tries to take it away. The more and more I read the more I wanted to read just because it is a true story and it was a story about the past, not to say that it does not happen now. But Im into history and get hold of of relationship, how they start, finish, grow, and wither. But getting back to the story I found it very interesting that Nancy tries so hard to make things work that she gives up her goals and inspirations in life just to leave one man with problems just for a chance to be better off and herself. As I was reading into the story I imaged every sentence of every page into a movie and was doing in my own little world in my room trying to block out the constant hum of my computer, ticking of my wall clock and every so often my suitemate checking on me to see if I was finish reading. Why was my suitemate checking on me because he wanted me to join him and another friend in drinking while we watched the Bo ston Celtics play.

Drunken Mother :: essays research papers

A Drunken Mother, wow where do I start. This book really gets one to thinking of what it was and, in some cases is like to be a woman. This book was one of which I would never even think to read just cause of the title. The title to me suggests that it is a book by a woman for a woman and is written in a way for mothers to understand. But in fact its the inverse it written in a way for all to see the trials her life. Nancy starts off by learning that then man in the house is boss at an former(a) age. Her mother plays a role of big time neglect and spends most of her time out doing other things such as drinking. At an early age she learned that the man of the house was the boss and what he said goes. It was at this time that she began to fall into the female role of doing things the way they were suppose to be done. She also realized that Doctor John was not going to see things her way and that what he wanted was to be. This young female does all that she can to be successful with s kating and what does Doc John do he tries to take it away. The more and more I read the more I wanted to read just because it is a true humbug and it was a story about the past, not to say that it does not happen now. But Im into narrative and study of relationship, how they start, finish, grow, and wither. But getting back to the story I found it very interesting that Nancy tries so hard to make things work that she gives up her goals and inspirations in life just to leave one man with problems just for a chance to be better off and herself. As I was reading into the story I imaged every sentence of every page into a movie and was doing in my own little world in my room trying to interrupt out the constant hum of my computer, ticking of my wall clock and every so often my suitemate checking on me to see if I was finish reading. Why was my suitemate checking on me because he wanted me to join him and another friend in drinking while we watched the Boston Celtics play.

Interview with a Record Store Owner Essay

On a less then(prenominal) pleasant day the weather was nippy and rainy so before I left the safety of my car I turned my collar up to face the cold and made a bee line to the investment firm so fast it would put Usain Bolt to shame. When I base on ballsed in the store I was greeted by the smell of coffee and sound of The peal Stones song Monkey Man playing over the store speakers with the owner of the store stern singing along to the song and throwing his arms up similar a monkey. As soon as you walk into the store your face to face with a giant rack of used DVDs ranging from Driving Miss Daisy to the Texas chain saw Massacre the store itself is not very big on the left side of the store is a shelf contain records from Abba to Rob Zombie on the right side is a shelf holding the cds. I was immediately welcomed by john who sitting down in behind his cash cash register with a sign on it that read No Personal Check behind him was a giant poster of Frank Zappa which seemed like on e of his around prized positions john had. John had on a tie dyed rolling stones shirt john had looked tried and he seemed to be discomfort later I found out he looked that way due to having MS.Before john and I stared talking I asked if we could take a walk around the store john told me that he is not able to move very well because I induce Multiple sclerosis so he called for his employee Jack to walk with me and directed Jack to answer questions I have. Jack was tall and in his early 20s , crap and I walked around the store looking at vinyl they had they had seemed to have every record you could ask for and if they didnt have it they could order it for you . I asked jack to explain the process of how they value the used records that come in the let out jack pulled a random of the shelf and proceeded to go over the check list first base we look at the condition of the album sleeve any(prenominal) bends or damage to it second we look for the labeling mono, monophonic, monaural, stereo or stereophonic on the sleeve and record label, which identifies the recording process and helps us look into the value and finally we Evaluate the condition of the record by looking for any obvious damage to the vinyl. Jack holds the record up to the light on a slight tilt Look for scratches, record edge nicks or damage to the paper label we have music here for everyones equipment casualty range after that I thanked jack and retuned to talk to john.When I came back to talk to john he had offered me a cup of coffee I true and went on to ask john how long has the store been open john told me that I am the fifth owner of Rainbow Records it first st maneuvered out in common Ridge in the mid-1970s. Then the store was moved to Palatine in 1993 by the fourth owner, who offered me the opportunity to buy the store from him in 1997 I then eventually moved the store to here. I asked john what was the first record he had ever purchased john though for a minute and express Surfin S afari by The Beach Boys when I was 9-years-old I ask john why do you think vinyl sales are going up while CD sales are falling There is nothing like vinyl It has a totally different sound than CDs or that MP3 stuff. Im sorry, but you dont listen to music on a phone and really get to appreciate it. I said to john it looks like your store buys all types of records and CDs is there any type of music you wont buy? Classical no one asks for it so I dont want it besides this is a rock and roll storeJohn what do you think about kids that have never hear a record on vinyl? They are really missing out Vinyl has a great in-depth sound to it, he says. There is an art to what I call albums and what everybody called albums back in the day. From the cover, which is a piece of art in itself, to listening to, and appreciating the way songs are arranged from side to side, you dont get that with any different music format. Looking around the store and seeing I was the only person in there besides ja ck maybe because of the weather but maybe because the store isnt doing so well I asked john what got him into the record business If you think about how a lot money youre going to make, thats a mistake. Youre not going to get rich doing this. What youre doing is sharing your love of music with other people, after john told me that a smile came across both of are faces.Before I had left the shop I walked around the store and picked up three records I think john would approve of the first one I got was The Rolling Stones Let It Bleed, Second album I grabbed was Surfin Safari by The Beach Boys and the third one was Frank Zappa Over-Nite Sensation. When I went up to john for the last time he could not help but to laugh as he rang them up as he handed me the bright yellow bag he said enjoy when I had made it home the first thing I did was put on my new rolling stones record put the needle on Monkey Man and turned my record worker up to eleven.

Earthquake Kills 22 in southwestern China Essay

1. geek of crisisEarthquake is an example of adventitious crisis, a natural disaster that is non part of an everyday life and is unplanned and accidental (Varcarolis, 2006, pp 422-423). Victims of earthquakes usually suffer from trauma, panic, shock, grief, fear and mental disorganization (which could be manifested by running around aimlessly or inability to concentrate). People who suffer from such an adventitious disaster are reported to have flashbacks or nightmares connected to the event after it happened.2. Type of stressors that contributed to the crisisEarthquakes happen explosively and people are caught off guard with the sudden and swift destruction that it brought about to them personally (e.g., damage or loss of spot and the painful loss of a loved one or loved ones). Psychologically, emotionally and mentally the victims are not prepared for the sudden loss and falsify of life or way of life (e.g. having to live in an evacuation center with all of its limited supply of basic necessities, or having to live with a physical disability due to the earthquake). In this instance, anxiety, grief and panic levels go up severely in just a matter of seconds. With the combine sudden loss of property and loved ones, the victim/s may be overwhelmed.3. Coping skills of the people involvedSince problem is a part of life, it is very classic that a person has learned a number of techniques that can be use to lower anxiety and to adapt to the situation when problem arises. One of the appoint techniques that people use is to engage in prayer. Prayer helps to lighten the load as a person learns to accept and submit to the will of God. Also, prayer clears a persons mind which enabled him to restore balance and equilibrium and make right choices. A person should besides not isolate himself but should pull out to differents what he is feeling and allow himself to be surrounded and comforted with other members of the family and friends.Moreover, the victim should cooperate with the help and assistance being provided by the government, counseling, medical and other disaster agencies. If needed he should transfer to a place or engage in activities that helps him forget the incident (Varcarolis, 2006, pp.423-429). In the case of children, they should be taught to experience the situation, be assured by the parents presence and parents should model calm fashion and seek to divert the childrens attention by providing summercater activities for them( Handouts Talking to Children about Crisis).4. Goal of the resolution of the crisisCrisis by definition is self-limiting so that as soon as possible they are resolved, preferably within 4 to six weeks so that a person or group of persons function normally again in spite of their loss and accept what happen to them during the earthquake disaster ( Varcarolis, 2006,p.422 ). More importantly the goal of the resolution of the crisis is to lower anxiety level since anxiety hampers the persons ability to face and solve his have problems. Short term goals of the resolution of the crisis by the end of the first session involves the lowering down of anxiety level from severe to fit or moderate to mild, clarify the problem in solvable terms, identify existing supports and other needed supports, set realistic goals to deal with the problem and identify a feel by step plan of action. Otherwise a persons safety may be at risk for due to hopelessness, grief, and fear he may tend to act suicidal or become mentally ill (Varcarolis,2006,pp. 427 & 430).5. Possible resources/referrals that might be needed to help to return to pre-crisis level of functioningIt may be necessary that victims of earthquakes should be remove from the place where it happened. Therefore, they may need to be referred to a stable shelter. Rehabilitation, debriefing and counseling is also recommended where psychologists, counselors and other cognitive-behavioral therapists helps them to restore balance and equilibrium . Friends, family and peer groups should also be a part of the healing process. If the person develops psychotic thinking, violent or suicidal behavior then he may need a psychiatric treatment. If he suffers from physical injuries or other health needs then he must(prenominal) be rushed to a hospital or clinic. Children whose parents were not coping well with the stress that the disaster had caused should be put under child care. vocational and skills training program should also be provided to help the victims go back to supporting themselves again especially for those who had become disabled (Varcarolis, 2006, pp. 429-438 Handouts Talking to Children about Crisis).

Merchant of Venice

Alessandro Larosa How does Shakespe are present his ideas ( foots, main points, the time, righteousness and reflection) within the merchant of Venice? Introduction The make up, the merchant of Venice, was written by Shakespeare. The play puts forward ideas and themes which are universal and relevant in todays lifespan. He uses techniques, dramatic techniques and context to showcase these ideas which form the plot, climax and conclusion of this scarce play. Body Justice Point In Venice, 1596, the economic stability was dependant on foreign businessmen like shylock.The city has laws to protect their legal rights and it is how the both religions follow and obey these laws which separate them. Elaboration In the context of Merchant of Venice, Jews turn over in evaluator, and following the law and Christians are shown to have mercy. Shylock with his follow prepares to cut Antonios heart, mean dapple the Christian court begs him and asks why he will not show mercy. Shylock replie s saying he doesnt have a logical reason for why he hates Antonio but he insists on having his vex to for fill his revenge. Example Shylock has a speech about the courts question. summons Tis mine and I will have it. If you deny me, fie upon your law There is no force in the decrees of Venice. I stand for judgment. Answer, shall I have it? proficiency Metaphor of the pound of flesh utilize A pound of flesh is used as a metaphor for justice. Shylock has had his daughter interpreted apart from him like a part of his flesh and he is simply getting it back, while filling his revenge he is also achieving justice within himself. tie-up Shakespeare uses justice to make the play realistic e trulything in life is controlled by laws. It is the scales of justice which separates the two religions. wealth over love PointIn Shakespeares plays he always has involved love. But what could be valued more than love, money. Shakespeare brings forward Wealth over love theme to the play to create a sensation that is the play about lovers and people having a happily ever after or about their personal wealth. Explanation In the play Christians are observe as being generous and selfless about their bank account whereas the Jewish people are portrayed as people who are edgy about their wealth and very protective of anything valuable to them. Quotes Shylock has his daughter taken from him, as he sees it. She actually leaves to marry Lorenzo.When he looks around to beget that she has left for Belmont with all of his wealth, he screams. My daughter O my ducats O my daughter Fled with a Christian O my Christian ducats Justice the law my ducats, and my daughter tie Shakespeare uses this quote to confuse us. Is Shylock more worried about losing his wealth or of his daughter? Through this quote, Shakespeare also has us retrieveing another situation. Is this any different from the way Bassonio goes after Portia for her money. In both cases Shakespeare shows that human relationship s are grievous to tell apart from wealth. look vs. reality PointAnother theme that is put forward by Shakespeare in the play is appearance vs. reality. This theme is exemplary of the most universal human problem in the context in The Merchant of Venice and in modern society. Explanation Shakespeare expresses this theme through a inanimate father of a living daughter Portia. There are threesome caskets, one gold, one silver and one bronze. The three of them are a adventure of chance, a gamble laid out in order to pass the right suitor for Portia and her fathers wealth. One of the three contains a skull, a scores head and the last Portias picture. Example. The outside of the gold casket promises, Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire. Its sounds good but it is a trick. Once opened it contains a skull with a smug message, All that glisters is not gold. The Gold casket and skull present that appearances are often deceiving and human desire, such as wealth, can be da ngerous. The chronicle silver casket explains, Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves. The inside contains a smiling face of an idiot and with a note that reads, So be gone you are sped. Whoever chooses the silver casket is a fool wholl get what he deserves (a picture of another fool). Finally, the lead chest.The metal is used to be inner beauty and modesty and contains a picture of Portia. The inscription is very significant, Who chooseth me must(prenominal) give and hazard all he hath The inscription is symbolic of brotherhood and reminds us of the fact that Bassanios battle for Portia literally involves a man who must hazard all he hath, in marriage. Also in relation to Antonio, who risks his life to loan his best friend the money to woo his wife to be. technique Shakespeare uses juxtaposition with the gold and lead caskets to create a visual representation of Appearance vs. Reality. The lead casket is gold in disguise. LinkShakespeare expresses the theme through the characters and techniques in the merchant of Venice. The theme is used to engage the audience as we are hot to look behind disguises and find the reality of the characters and the events. Conclusion There are many different themes in The Merchant of Venice which are moral values. To show mercy, to think twice about a book with a glistening dorsum and to treasure human relationships over the insignificance of wealth. Through the techniques and examples revealed in the Merchant of Venice Shakespeare displays ideas which are extremely significant from when it was first written to present.Merchant of VeniceAlessandro Larosa How does Shakespeare present his ideas (themes, main points, the time, morality and reflection) within the merchant of Venice? Introduction The play, the merchant of Venice, was written by Shakespeare. The play puts forward ideas and themes which are universal and relevant in todays life. He uses techniques, dramatic techniques and context to showcase these ideas which form the plot, climax and conclusion of this remarkable play. Body Justice Point In Venice, 1596, the economic stability was dependant on foreign businessmen like shylock.The city has laws to protect their legal rights and it is how the two religions follow and obey these laws which separate them. Elaboration In the context of Merchant of Venice, Jews believe in justice, and following the law and Christians are shown to have mercy. Shylock with his bond prepares to cut Antonios heart, meanwhile the Christian court begs him and asks why he will not show mercy. Shylock replies saying he doesnt have a logical reason for why he hates Antonio but he insists on having his bond to for fill his revenge. Example Shylock has a speech about the courts question. Quote Tis mine and I will have it. If you deny me, fie upon your law There is no force in the decrees of Venice. I stand for judgment. Answer, shall I have it? Technique Metaphor of the pound of flesh used A pound of fles h is used as a metaphor for justice. Shylock has had his daughter taken away from him like a part of his flesh and he is simply getting it back, while filling his revenge he is also achieving justice within himself. Link Shakespeare uses justice to make the play realistic everything in life is controlled by laws. It is the scales of justice which separates the two religions. Wealth over love PointIn Shakespeares plays he always has involved love. But what could be valued more than love, money. Shakespeare brings forward Wealth over love theme to the play to create a sense that is the play about lovers and people having a happily ever after or about their personal wealth. Explanation In the play Christians are noticed as being generous and selfless about their bank account whereas the Jewish people are portrayed as people who are uptight about their wealth and very protective of anything valuable to them. Quotes Shylock has his daughter taken from him, as he sees it. She actually lea ves to marry Lorenzo.When he looks around to find that she has left for Belmont with all of his wealth, he screams. My daughter O my ducats O my daughter Fled with a Christian O my Christian ducats Justice the law my ducats, and my daughter Link Shakespeare uses this quote to confuse us. Is Shylock more worried about losing his wealth or of his daughter? Through this quote, Shakespeare also has us thinking another situation. Is this any different from the way Bassonio goes after Portia for her money. In both cases Shakespeare shows that human relationships are hard to tell apart from wealth. Appearance vs. reality PointAnother theme that is put forward by Shakespeare in the play is appearance vs. reality. This theme is symbolic of the most universal human problem in the context in The Merchant of Venice and in modern society. Explanation Shakespeare expresses this theme through a dead father of a living daughter Portia. There are three caskets, one gold, one silver and one bronze. T he three of them are a game of chance, a gamble laid out in order to find the right suitor for Portia and her fathers wealth. One of the three contains a skull, a fools head and the last Portias picture. Example. The outside of the gold casket promises, Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire. Its sounds good but it is a trick. Once opened it contains a skull with a smug message, All that glisters is not gold. The Gold casket and skull symbolise that appearances are often deceiving and human desire, such as wealth, can be dangerous. The inscription silver casket explains, Who chooseth me shall get as much as he deserves. The inside contains a smiling face of an idiot and with a note that reads, So be gone you are sped. Whoever chooses the silver casket is a fool wholl get what he deserves (a picture of another fool). Finally, the lead chest.The metal is used to symbolize inner beauty and modesty and contains a picture of Portia. The inscription is very significant, Who c hooseth me must give and hazard all he hath The inscription is symbolic of marriage and reminds us of the fact that Bassanios battle for Portia literally involves a man who must hazard all he hath, in marriage. Also in relation to Antonio, who risks his life to loan his best friend the money to woo his wife to be. Technique Shakespeare uses juxtaposition with the gold and lead caskets to create a visual representation of Appearance vs. Reality. The lead casket is gold in disguise. LinkShakespeare expresses the theme through the characters and techniques in the merchant of Venice. The theme is used to engage the audience as we are eager to look behind disguises and find the reality of the characters and the events. Conclusion There are many different themes in The Merchant of Venice which are moral values. To show mercy, to think twice about a book with a glistening cover and to treasure human relationships over the insignificance of wealth. Through the techniques and examples revea led in the Merchant of Venice Shakespeare displays ideas which are extremely significant from when it was first written to present.

What Is Wpa

What is the WPA political program? Will it help the economy? What are the advantages and Disadvantages? How much does it cost? These are all questions near Americans have when Obama planned to begin back the Work Progress Administration (WPA). I am going to tell you what WPA is and the pros and cons of it. During the Great Depression, anxious that the dole not become narcotic, in chair Franklin D. Roosevelts words, the U. S. Congress in 1935 created the WPA to administer $5 one million million million for public whole kit. The WPAs goal was to employ as many people as possible on projects that would provide long-term benefit to local communities.This created jobs to build bridges in disrepair, parks in shambles and fix boarded-up buildings. Ideally, workers would also realise on-the-job training to prepare them for further employment. For example, the WPA made a significant impact on Oklahoma. At the end of the day, of 166,000 Oklahomans certified for WPA jobs approximately 1 19,000 were employed at most point between 1935 and 1937. Including those recruited into a special drought-relief work program, more than half the states work relief recipients were farmers. To assure that private employment remained appealing, project engage were lower than typical range.Organized labor complained that the original unskilled rate of eighteen cents an hour depressed all wages. The work Progress Administration (renamed during 1939 as the Work Projects Administration WPA) was the largest and most determined new deal agency, employing millions of unskilled workers to carry out public works projects. This is the same project Obama is trying to restore to better the millions of unemployed Americans today economic relief, a new deal, one that keeps unemployment below double digits by focusing on refurbishing the United States. Like most notions or strategies there are pros and cons.The pro to this New Deal is the amount of jobs that will be created. The economic rec overy bill by Democrats would spend deuce years putting more than 4 million Americans to work. Private corporations and city governments have already prepared more than 30,000 shovel-ready projects that need federal funding. But do we agnize what jobs will be provided or do we care? During the Great Depression, in our nations capital, more than 100 men were paid to scare off pigeons. In Brooklyn, men and women worked as fire hydrant decorators. And in Boston, the government sponsored a project to make fish chowder.Indian tribes were paid to create new totem poles and otherwise artifacts. Does this matter? What skills will they have once the WPA is over? For now, the $825 billion economic recovery plan doesnt get too specific about the jobs that might be available to the unemployed. But with $90 billion assigned for organization investment, this beingness said, construction worker, a transportation expert or just about anyone who works at an airport can expect better times ahead. Retrofitting federal buildings with up-to-date technology to save energy costs is a priority. 19 billion has been set aside for clean water, flood control and environmental restoration investments and ensuring that the United States builds on its digital capacity according to Ross Eisenbrey, the vice president of the sparing Policy Institute. Unlike the original WPA, which wrote checks directly to employees, the new bill is set up so that 90 percent of the projects will be privately thresh by corporations or nonprofits, which will send in proposals or bid on existing government contracts. Instead of the federal government assigning jobs, certified workers will be pursued by project managers.The WPA employed more than 8. 5 million people at a total cost of some $11 billion in its eight years. It conducted more than 1. 4 million separate construction projects that built over 650,000 miles of roads, nearly 1,000 bridges, 125,000 buildings, 8,000 parks, over 800 airplane landing str ips, 3,000 tennis courts, 3,300 storage dams, and 5,800 mobile libraries. Bringing this program back will bring the U. S. out of the depression we are in now. During the first WPA there was a problem of race and uneven pay will this be issues again? Uneven distribution of pay was along regional and racial lines.The national periodic WPA wage in 1936 was $52, but in the south it was $23. WPA regulations stipulated that a prospective WPA worker could not refuse private employment at pay rates prevailing in his/her community. Since the prevailing wage was lower for blacks, blacks refusing a $3 a week private job might be denied WPA employment. I know that this was a completely different time period but lets be honest there are still close tending(p) people and this might be another issue or disadvantage to consider. There are several different opinions on how our country should be ran, some agree with the WPA programs and others do not understand it.This is one opinion, the logic of WPA has got me totally baffled if a nation can afford to pay people to do infrastructure improvement via WPA, presumably it can afford to pay regular contractors to do the same thing. And the latter would do the job more efficiently than WPA. Is consumption money on another government program a disadvantage? Then it means we have wasted hundreds of billions of dollars, piling up additional debt for us and our children. Ralph Musgrave. If the money the government is going to use to create more jobs is not good investments, what happens?No just good investments but long enough, will we being going through this again in 50 years. Other questions are will the WPA spending be quick enough to stimulate the economy? As I stated above, more than 100 men were paid to scare off pigeons. In Brooklyn, men and women worked as fire hydrant decorators. And in Boston, the government sponsored a project to make fish chowder. While the WPA created a job for these individuals, what trait or skill w ere they supposed to use after the program was over? If Obama wants to bring this program back we need to create more jobs with better skills.All this being said I am for the WPA coming back as long as we work out the miner kinks. Bringing this program back will bring the U. S. out of the depression we are in now. The Works Progress Administration (renamed during 1939 as the Work Projects Administration WPA) was the largest and most determined new deal agency, employing millions of unskilled workers to carry out public works projects. If Obama reinstates this program millions of unemployed Americans today will be in economic relief. We need a new deal, one that keeps unemployment around four percent by focusing on restoring the United States.

Assess the View That the Nuclear Family Functions

Assess the view that the nuclear family functions for the benefit of the individual and order of magnitude. A nuclear family is widely distributed and consists of two extensions of families a father, a mother and their youngsterren, both living in the same planetary house. In this essay, I will be measure outing the views that the nuclear family functions to benefit all its members and nine as a whole, from a Functionalist, Feminist and a Marxist perspective.In order to assess these views, it is essential to first establish the functions that the nuclear family performs and then to assess whether these benefit the individual and the wider society. Sociologists such as George Peter Murdoch (1949) claimed that the family was a universal institution. This is a functionalist view, however Marxists feminists begs that it online met the needs of capitalists. Functionalists see society as playing a major usance in achieving social goals such as proving positive norms and values fo r the individual and society to reproduce consensus.They believe that institutions such as the family moldiness have a function which benefits society and its members. They believe that without consensus society will collapse into chaos. Consensus and shared values enables the members of society to cooperate with each other providing unity. Functionalist sees society as an institution from which norms and values are shares providing harmony. Functionalists regard society as a system that depend on each other such as the institution of the family, the education system and the economy.They look at what the nuclear family does for the whole of society, not just for certain individuals. Functionalists consider the nuclear family as essential for societys smooth running. George Peter Murdoch (1949) claimed that the family was a universal institution. He studied 250 different societies and acculturations and found that the family existed in one form or another. This suggests that familie s are necessary in some way whether it be for societies to survive, for individual well-being, or both. He believed that the family performed four vital functions.Sexual where adults can enjoy healthy sex lives with their marital parenters preventing rift to society and conflicts that could arise from sexual desires such as affairs and also allows children to be raised by their natural parents. Reproductive the family allows the reproduction of the next generation without doing so, society will cease to exist. Economic the family ensures the survival of its members by providing food and shelter. Education the family allows primary socialisation without it there will be no consensus nigh societys norms and values.Functionalists have been criticised for ignoring the dark side of family life. Many families are places of disruption and violence from at least one of its members suffering from domestic violence, child abuse and divorce. Murdocks views have been criticised to be conserva tive rather than universal. In different societys people have different methods of child nurture influenced by their religious teachings, class and different psychological approaches to the upbringing of children. Talcott Parsons believed that the family performed two functions.Primary socialisation childrens personalities are moulded in terms of societys culture they learn normal and values from their parents for example expressive roles from the mother and an instrumental role from the father. Stabilisation of adult personalities marital parents provides each other with emotional support, inclination that the man can relieve the stress of being insecure in his drubplace by allowing himself to relax by indulging in his childish side. payable to this taking place, it relieves adult family members and strengthens social stability.Parsons views can be criticised as his perceptions of society are outdated. Family diversity now exits. Marxists would criticise of the nuclear family a s they see the role of primary socialisation as exploiting the working class which promotes and maintains class inequality. A Hierarchal structure exists within the Nuclear Family, as the man is considered the breadwinner, the head of the household who has the responsibility to go out and work to earn money for the familys needs.This structure enables men to accept their perhaps low status at work which stops them from questioning the hierarchal nature of capitalism which only benefits the powerful and rich. Marxists Feminist would criticise the nuclear family as benefitting the capitalists system and therefore the ruling class. hands benefit from the Nuclear family and the capitalist system through the exploitation of women. Women are expected to have children and spend a lot of time to raise them. They would argue that primary socialisation means that males will remain dominant and women will remain inferior even in the future generations.

The Role of Teachers as Nation Builders

The role of t individuallyers in the building of a nation rat not be ignored. It is they who influence the immature minds of the youth and tries to mould the living stuff into various forms. It is they on who depends the future of the nation. Hence, they argon the most important let out of the society. In the past, teachers were considered respectable figures even by the kings and the emperors, because only teachers were there to guide and advice them in hours of crisis. They were the true benefactors of the society.With the change of time they lost their dignity to some extent. Still, they are considered the backbone of a nation, and a society. Teachers are the real guide of the students. With their deep knowledge of the subject and teaching technique they can impart valuable entropy to the students. They can guide them towards noble deeds, studies, health, and cleanliness and above ail the moral values of life. All these qualities enable a child to grow into an ideal citizen of his/her nation. Teachers are considered the noblest branch of the society.This increases their responsibility towards nation and the students to a great extent they must be dedicated to the service of the students. Their own actions and high ideas about life can tardily shape the young minds into good personalities and responsible citizens of tomorrow. They are a guiding light for students throughout their lives. The importance of the role of the teachers as an agent of change, promoting understanding and tolerance has become more obvious today. This places enormous responsibilites on teachers who participate in the moulding of the character and minds of the new generation.Now days, the whole scenario has been changed. Teachers and parents are engaged in blaming each other. Parents are displeased with them because their sons and daughters do not do well in the examination. Teachers blame the parents that they do not pay much attention on their wards payable to lack of time. Even we do not find any accord between the teachers and the students. The overall result is that the students have become aggressive, bold and daring- They are slight concerned with their studies and think more about other activities. The teachers become helpless at this juncture.This leads to dissatisfaction and frustration among them. They do not get proper respect from the students. In addition to this, the teachers are not paid highly and regularly. This makes their situation miserable. It is necessary to improve the conditions of the teachers. Only then they impart continue their job with full nothing and zeal. Only then they will discharge their duty towards the students as well as the nation in true sense of the term. Only then their potentialities will shine in the new generation, the real hope of the nation.

Keats poetry reflects Essay

Q. Rich Sensuousness, salubrious-wrought form and depth of thought be characteristics of Keats poetry. By means of a comparative study examine how Keats poetry reflects these features.A. The three briny odes I will discuss are Ode to autumn, Ode on classical Urn and Ode to Melancholy. The Odes bring to perfection Keatss command of form and richly meaningful use of the position Language.Melancholy -which today perhaps he called depression- was a state at which Keats was very familiar.The inspiration of the Ode came from a book on the subject by Burton who proposed unlike remedies to alleviate the affliction fit. The first stanza of the Ode emphatically rejects these remedies, which induce oblivion and associate melancholy with thoughts of death. They numb the sense and dull the keen edge of the melancholy experience. The rosary of yew-berries can be easily pictured, the sinister berries of the tree that symbolizes death strung together for the purpose of counting ones prayer.Ke at begins the second stanza by referring for the first time in the poem to melancholy as a disease, a fit (line eleven) whose onset is as sudden as a fount shower. The lush imagery of lines twelve and fourteen quickly lures attention away from melancholy to the marvel of an April rain, yet the poet is all the while at work characterizing melancholy itself by means of this extended simile.To follow the cure for Melancholy in the final lines of the second stanza is to plunge into a series of sensuous impressions so bright and attractively evoked that they make one forget that this is a kind of medicine. The poet commands us to glut first on the rose then on the rainbow momently created as a wave breaks in the sunlight on the sea and again on flowers, now the blooms of the peony.The lines containing these commands are heavy with synaesthesia, one of Keats favorite stylistic devices, which consist in mingling the impressions of two or more senses into a single image. The rose, for in stance, is obviously a delight to see and to smell, scarce this is a sadness rose, a blossom at its freshest and best, and the poet bids us to enjoy it so completely as to taste it. Indeed, the word taste is too weak, and instead Keats uses glut, experience. He likewise invokes several senses to stimulate us to a more intense enjoyment of the peonys bloom by touch as well as by sight.In the last three lines of stanza Keats turns his attention intensity of natural beauty to the intensity of feminine beauty. Al around as if alluding to the clich that women are most beautiful when angry, the poet chooses the moment in a love affair when emotion is at a very high peak. To evoke the force of such an experience, he engages in this one complex of imagery four of the five senses touch, emprison her soft hand hearing, let her rave, sight, her peerless eyes and taste, feed deep, deep. Keat uses these techniques so that the proofreader is fully involved with the poem as he forces us to work through this lush imagery.She dwells with beauty- beauty that must die we know see wherefore Keats turns Melancholy to beautiful things it is inevitable decay of beauty, which is at the core of Melancholy. not only does the imminet passing of beauty and joy give rise to melancholy but at every moment the pleasurable experience turns to one of pain or satiety. Thus pleasure and pain, joy and sorrow, are immediately linked be even to the selfsame experience. A series of powerful images enforces these ideas Joy always on the point of departure, the bees nectar turning to poison, the veiled goddess of Melancholy enshrined in the temple of delight, the bursting of Joys grape, whose taste turns start sadness.If the Ode on Melancholy sags a little in the stanza two is certainly prevented from collapse by the zing and vividness of stanzas one and three. The third stanza is full of images suggesting life and activity such as the figure of Joy caught at a moment of arrested action and t he bee at work, culminating in the energetic act of bursting a grape with strenuous tongue. The taste images, too, suggest the physicality of the experiences of pleasure and joy.In on a Grecian Urn, the subject is a marble urn with scene in relief running around it it has been shown that the urn here described was not one actually seen, but a creation of Keatss imagination. The mysterious and beautiful opening lines at once give rise to several ideas the stillness of the urn, its remaining unspoilt, thought holding out a promise of delight.What men or gods are these? What maidens loth?. The urns power lies in its appealing to the imagination rather than the senses sensual experience is always stretchability after, or beingness set against, an ideal of which it falls short Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard/ Are sweeter therefore, ye soft pipes, play on/ Not to the sensual ear, but, more endeard/ Pipe to the design ditties of no toneThe figures on the urn have a sort of ideal existence because they are frozen at a moment of the time and so are immune from lifes vicissitudes nor ever can those tress be black Bold lover,.. For ever wilt thou love and she be fair.The unchanging happiness of the figures is emphasized in stanza three by the repetition of words and phrases well-chosen, for ever, move, even though their passion is unsatisfied their state far transcends that of mortals for whom satisfaction turns pleasure into safety.Stanza four introduces a new scene (as if the urn were being turned round). The first scene was wild and ecstatic, suggesting Bacchanalian rites this one is serene in comparison, showing a formal procession to make sacrifice. The almost excited questions of stanza one contrast sounds are suggestive of tranquility.The poet helps us to understand what he has in mind. The pipes on the urn sound not to the sensual ear but to the spirit. It is significant that Keats does not use a more literally precise word like physical to des cribe the ear. Sensual (like physical) refers to the body, but it likewise connotes excessive indulgence, particularly in sexual pleasure, and moral disapproval. Keats then uses this tension between sense and spirit to add one more layer to this interweave of paradox.

Communication Opinion

Kevin Molder hypothesize a world with no colloquy. No way to express feelings of anger or Joy, no long-life waving goodbye as someone leaves, communicating via email, text or pen never existed. The incorrupt thought is absurd. Communicating is key to success in most any situation, whether it is in the work place, in the flesh(predicate) life or everyday tasks. The basic elements of communion and how they differ from the basic rules of healthc be communication are covered in this paper.Cultural differences and how hey influence communication, as well as how healthcare providers might encourage their patients to be more open and honest about their health will be covered first. The integration of pagan societies has come to be . In cities such as Chicago, New York, and Los Angels, an individual using public transfer is going to encounter people from different cultural backgrounds. With such a diverse society, how is communication influenced?Having the analogous cultural belie fs does not necessarily mean any two people will react the same in situations (Goanna, 2011). Generalizations an provide clues on what one might encounter and the way communication will be affected (Goanna, 2011). Examples of three generalizations Cultures are either high- context or low context. The quality of medium employ to communicate may have cultural undertones. The United States for instance, favors electronic and written technology while lacquer prefers oral or face-to-face communication (Goanna, 2011). Next, enculturations are either sequential or synchronicity.If a culture thinks of time sequential-as a linear commodity to spend, save, or waste, whereas asynchronously-as constant flow to be experienced in the moment as a force that nookienot be controlled or contained (Goanna, 2011). German and Swedish cultures give skilful attention to one task at a time, but other parts of the world multi-tasking is the average (Goanna, 2011). Last, cultures are either affective o r sluggish. A groovy example of an affective cultural is Italian. They slope to be very passionate and readily show their emotions. The Dutch are more of a neutral culture-very controlled with emotions and do not telegraph them (Goanna, 2011).Communication among healthcare providers and patient is imperative. Many times an individual is embarrassed to make merry symptoms or past medical history in fear they might be rejected or Judged. The thought of another patient getting a glimpse of their medical chart is reason to detain information or perhaps the medication prescribed makes them feel strange or sick? No matter their reasoning, holding back pertinent information could be costly and in worst cases deadly. in that location are a plethora of ways healthcare providers can ease the minds of individuals and ensure the line of communication between them stays open and honest.Patients want to believe their healthcare provider truly cares for their well- being. Verbal and non- com municatory communication helps providers express interest and concerns to patients. Making eye contact, listening and questioning with thought, demonstrating understanding and compassion are examples of verbal and non- verbal communication. Bridging any social gap that may be present will help anchor open communication between provider and patient. Viewing the relationship as a partnership in which each party contributes to maximize the outcome is an essential element in provider/patient relationships.The choice of words a provider uses can affect the line of communication between them and their patients a great deal. If an individual has no knowledge of the medical terms a physician is using they may capture embarrassed by it and not ask the proper questions or pretend to know what is being said. effective communication relies on five basic elements, the sender, the receiver, the medium, the bridle-path, and the feedback. The sender initiates the communication. Verbal and non-v erbal techniques are used to properly arrive the message and the sender should have an understanding of who is receiving the message.The party in which the sender is transmitting communication is the receiver. To mightily absorb the message the receiver should listen carefully and not get distracted. The medium is most grave of the five elements. It can come in many different forms and is what the receiver is trying to communicate to the receiver. The channel is how the communication is being sent, whether it is mail, text, email or oral. Finally, the feedback describes the receivers response or reaction to the senders message.Feedback may come from go questions, body language or facial expressions. Health care communication differs from basic communication because patient care becomes a factor. Peoples confidentially and concerns need to be taken into consideration. How the individual receives and interprets messages and information. The family members reaction is important as well. Co-workers need to make sure they are not open with private information. In conclusion, culture differences can be bridged in communication if the sender and receiver are aware of how each party communicates.

Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research Designs Essay

The auditional inquiry practice is one of the most reliable quantitative designs available. Basically, it requires that the police detective conduct an actual experiment in order to prove the research hypothesis. Similar yet basically different from the experimental design is the quasi-experimental design. his paper discusses the procedure in conducting an experimental design research and differentiates it from a quasi-experimental research design. Examples of each ar given to facilitate further comparison and contrast. The first step in conducting an experimental research design is to identify the in low-level and dependent inconstants.According to hit-or-miss Houses dictionary of statistical terminologies, the dependent variable is the event studied and expected to change when the independent variable is changed. (Random House, 2001, p. 534). In Butler and Lijinsky (2005) which is an example of experimental research, the independent variable was the type of rat while the d ependent variable was the toxicity level. This meant that the research seeks to verify whether different types of rats would have different acute toxicity levels. after the identification of the independent and dependent variables, the next step is to randomly select a sample for the experiment.To randomly select a sample means to make sure that all of the members of the population have an adapted chance of being selected (Corder &Foreman, 2009). For example, when seeking to study a school population as is the case in of Stevens & Slavin (1995), random taste is conducted by placing all of the possible respondents in a list and selecting from that list randomly. In this way, each student has an equal opportunity to be selected for the study. Lastly, once the experiment is conducted, a secure zephyr is generated wherein the effect of other factors are minimized (Mertens, 1998).Going back to Butler and Lijinsky (1995), the experiment was conducted in a secure atmosphere where the o nly variables were the type of rat and the toxins induced to them. All other factors such as the food they were given, the space of their cages and so on were kept the same for the different types of rat. In a quasi-experimental approach, an experiment is also conducted and dependent and independent variables are also selected. Measures to keep all other variables constant are also taken. However, the defining difference between the tow is that quasi-experimental designs do not conduct random sampling (Mertens, 1998).For example, the quasi-experimental research conducted by Dutton (1986) simply a sample from those that were available. This is not random sampling and therefore the design cannot be considered as experimental but it does fit the quasi-experimental description. In conclusion, it is clear that while experimental and quasi-experimental research designs are similar, they do have an essential difference.ReferencesButler, A, and Lijinsky, W. (2005). Acute toxicity of aflatox in G1 to the rat Journal of Pathology, 102 (4), 209-212. Corder, G. , Foreman, G. (2009). Nonparametric Statistics for Non-Statisticians A Step-by-Step Approach. Wiley. Dutton, D. (1986). The Outcome of Court-Mandated Treatment for Wife Assault A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation. Violence and Victims, 1(3) 163-175 Mertens, D. (1998). Research methods in tuition and psychology Integrating diversity with quantitative & qualitative. Sage. Random House. (2001). Random House Websters Unabridged Dictionary. Random House, Inc. Stevens, R. , and Slavin, R. (1995). Effects of a Cooperative Learning Approach in Reading and Writing on academically Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Students. The University of Chicago Press.

Great Gatsby Coming of Age Novel Essay

The novel the prominent Gatsby isnt your classical coming of mount novel at least for the most part. This is because knap caraway is the only character who actually ends up changing by the end of the novel. Furthermore coming of age novels refer to a character(s) that pass the rite of passage in order to enter manhood or womanhood. Therefore this novel is or so the growth of maturity.The story begins with notch attending dinner at the Buchannan house. Nick was at first very impressed and fascinated with the beauty, glamour, and wealth of Daisy and Tom. This smoke be seen in the commendation Their house was even more elaborate than I expected (Fitzgerald, pg.6). This point of view is oblivious and is unwitting of the saying its not whats on the outside but whats on the inside. besides this point of view drastically changed by the end of the novel.By the end of the novel Nick can no longer even bare to stand the sight of Tom or Daisy, let solo shake their hands. This is best seen with the quote Whats the matter, Nick? Do you object to shaking hands with me? Yes. You fuck what I think of you. This is because Tom told Mr. Wilson to go and kill Gatsby because he had been the person driving the car. Furthermore he cant stand Daisy because even though she loved Gatsby she retreated behind Tom and let Gatsby take the hit for her. This resulted in Gatsbys death and later his funeral to which neither Daisy nor Tom attended.The strongest representation of Nicks growing maturity is the fact that he realises that Tom and Daisy are both weak and invertebrate people. This understanding was only obtained when Nick looked for what was on the inside. The quote They are careless people, Tom and Daisy- they idiotic up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that unbroken them together, and let other people clean up the mess they had made is really powerful and Fitzgerald is exemplar others about pe ople who are like this.The novel The Great Gatsby may not be a coming of age novel but it is apretty darn good book about growing in maturity, following your dreams, and fighting for love. Unfortunately Nick is the only character who actually complete this and learned from it.

Nokia: Values That Make a Company Global

STraTeGiC Hr MaNaGeMeNT case study with t sever in every last(predicate)ying nones Nokia Values That mold a Company Global By G eraldine Willigan, MBA Project team Author SHRM project subscriber External contri neverthelessor Copy editing Design Geraldine Willigan, MBA Nancy A. Woolever, SPHR Ram Charan, Ph. D. Katya S smokelan, copy editor Terry Biddle, graphic designer 2009 guild for gentlemans gentleman Resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBA. This case was prep atomic number 18d by Geraldine Willigan, MBA, former editor at Harvard Business Review, at a wretcheder place supervision of Ram Charan, Ph.D. , former faculty member at Harvard Business School, winner of best t each(prenominal)er award at Northwestern Universitys Kellogg School of Management, and a regular teacher in executive director programs crosswise the globe. The authors grate richly ack in a flashledge the help of Juha Akras, Ian Gee, Antti Miettinen, Arja Souminen, Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo, Hallstein Mo erk, Tero Ojanpera and Shiv Shivakumar. Note to Hr faculty and teachers SHRM cases and modules be intended for implement in HR classrooms at universities. Teaching notes argon included with each.While our circulating(prenominal) intent is to study the materials available with by charge, we reserve the right to impose charges should we deem it necessary to have a bun in the oven the program. However, currently, these imaginations are available unaffixed of charge to all. Please duplicate only the number of copies needed, mavin for each student in the class. For to a greater extent reading, please contact SHRM Academic Initiatives 1800 Duke Street, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA Phone (800) 283-7476 Fax (703) 535-6432 Web www. shrm. org/education/hreducation 09-0353 Nokia Values That Make a Company GlobalIntroduction In the summer of 2006, the planetary competitive landscape in which Nokia was operating was changing at an astoundingly fast pace. Market growth was shifting to eme rging countries, mobile devices were cosmos commoditized, handset prices were declining, net contributes were combining (Nokia had except merged its own networks infrastructure affair with that of Siemens, forming Nokia Siemens Networks, or NSN), Microsoft and orchard apple tree were making moves toward mobile devices, sassy technologies were being developed, and new strategic opportunities were arising as mobile call ups were becoming the door to the Internet.To win in such a fast-paced and intensely competitive environment, the partnership had to move with speed and do a superb job of satisfying consumers. Decision-making would expect to occur at the lowest likely level to reflect the peculiarities of the local marts while leveraging the power of Nokias versatile deal, its brand, its financial resources, and its engineering and design expertise. Collaboration between locals and headquarters and among multiple cultures and partners was paramount.Nokia conducted extensiv e interviews with pack in place and outside the company, including partners and suppliers, to bring in how Nokia was perceived and how it susceptibility have to change. That research informed a number of actions and renewed the focus on Nokias culture and, in particular, its set. From Paper Mill to Conglomerate to Global Brand Nokia, headquartered in Espoo, almost Helsinki, Finland, is the worlds largest mobile handset manufacturer. It holds to a greater extent or less 40 percent of the global device market as of the second quarter of 2008.It operates in 150 countries and had to a greater extent than than 117,000 employees, including NSN, as of late June 2008. It is the clear up-rated brand globally. one-year r change surfaceues for 2007 were $74. 6 billion (51. 1 billion euros). The company began in the late 1800s as a musical theme mill, and so evolved into a diversified industrial company and was an early entrant in the mobile era in the 1980s. In the 1990s, CEO Jorma Ollila restructured the conglomerate to focus on mobile phones and telecommunications, and Nokia became the technology and market leader, turn outle first in Europe, then expanding to the United States and dozens of early(a) 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa 1 developed and emerging economies, including China and India. In the early 2000s, Nokia was briefly challenged by Motorola and Samsung but was able to confirm and soon to increase the lead. In 2006, Olli-Pekka Kallasvuo (OPK, as he is known at Nokia) became CEO. Nokias outline at that time was changed to cover both the mobile device market as practise up as work and software.In 2007, Nokia announced that it would be hap more like an Internet company. Transforming the Culture for the crude Challenges As Nokias leaders pondered what would hold mess together and enhance collaboration and speed across their large global company, they arrived at an answerculture, of which value had long b een a raiseation. Values align passels police van and emotional energy and define how Nokia employees (Nokians) do business with each other and the rest of the world.Beca ingestion Nokias lively determine had been unchanged for more than a decade and research showed there was some ambivalence close them innately, the executive room, comprised of the CEO and about a dozen senior leaders, decided it was time to re-examine the determine. OPK selected a team of people to nominate a consummation for doing so. The challenge to the team was to get all the people of Nokia intellectually engaged. In lionizeing with Nokias culture, the values would have to be the result of the many communication with the many. Assigning this task was not trivial.It required that senior management be committed to live with the outcome. The values that emerged from the bottom up would have to be taken seriously and stickor the musical arrangement would be seriously harmed. As the team got to wo rk and explored the options, they determined that the best approach would be to combine lavishly tech and high touch. The high-tech part of the values-creation surgical operation would be by dint of the Nokia Jamusing IBMs Jamming technology that would allow all Nokians to engage in an online dialogue. The hightouch part would come through the use of the valet de chambre Cafe methodology.The World Cafe methodology had sprung up in the mid 1990s to have got a large theme of people from diverse disciplines and widespread locations around the world who requireed to debate issues of common interest. 2 That group was known as the Intellectual Capital Partners. To create an in clod intercourse among so many people, participants were divided into small groups seated around tables to talk over a given question. The groups would then repeatedly disperse and individuals would rotate to other tables, so ideas were disseminated, cross-pollinated and combined.As the conversations conti nued, facilitators compiled the ideas that emerged. The World Cafe methodology had been utilize in some small pockets within Nokia but had never been tried on a companywide scale. The idea was right, but it was impractical for all 50,000-plus Nokians to directly engage in a dialogue. So the idea emerged to have a subset of people from across Nokia get together to discuss Nokia values with a totally jolly slate, as if they were recreating Nokia on the planet vitiate. 2 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBaA trip to Mars became the metaphor for assembling a cross-section of Nokians to participate in the World Cafe format and create the new values. Nokias Trip to Mars Nokia produced 5,000 elegant, visually exciting invitations that looked like boarding passes and airline tickets. These were send in bundles through snail mail to people at various organizational levels and functional areas, including HR, in each of the business units. The instruction to the recipients was to discover a modality to randomly distribute their bundle to people in their offices and factories whom they would trust to have a discussion about Nokias values and culture.The recipients could also keep a ticket for themselves. Each ticket was in a wallet that described what Nokia was doing. It stated the current values and gave instructions for how to proceed, first by going to the Nokia Way web site to chance upon more and to register for a coffee shop in their local area. Participants also got two luggage tags, which they were supposed to discuss with their colleagues beforehand a green one, which represented the values or ideas Nokia should be sure to take with it as the company moved forward, and a gray one, for things that could be left behind.Nokia held 16 cafes in 60 geezerhood around the world. More than 100 employees representing a cross-section of Nokia attended each one. The day of the cafe, small groups discussed a predetermined set of questi ons. oneness person served as host and stayed at the table while e actuallyone else go around to other tables, eventually returning to their original spots. People had taken the preparation very seriously and interviewed their teams frontward of time some brought stacks of paper with various notes and ideas. As the discussions in like mannerk place, ideas began to emerge and converge.Facilitators captured them graphically and in compose scripts. The outputs from each cafe were then uploaded to the Nokia Way web site, and everyone at Nokia had access to it and was invited to comment. Several thousand more employees were able to participate in the dialogue through the means of the web site, giving their opinions and making suggestions and sometimes asking questions they hoped the next cafe would address. The sessions were also videotaped and edited into short video blogs that were so funny and lovely that they logged approximately 30,000 visits.The video blogs, too, elicited co mments from fellow Nokians. The mix of people attending the cafes was just what Nokias executive team had hoped for an assortment of people from offices and factories and from every functional area and organizational level. The cafe process allowed those diverse view flows to be observed. Engineers said Nokia needed greater tolerance for risk, for instance, while market people wanted more stability. In the process, it broke down biases and misconceptions and began to build social bonds. Latin Americans were not the only people with emotions one participant commented. Another said At first it felt like I couldnt even find a common language with my Mexican 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa 3 marketing colleagues in Nokia. It was exciting when we found a common language and vision, and everybody was on board. As the cafes took place, four values began to emerge. These were to be presented to the top 30 leaders at the final global cafe to be held in Helsinki. But instead of writing them on a PowerPoint slide, the values were presented in a way that was experiential.Representatives from each of the Nokia Way cafes were chosen to attend, and on day one of the Helsinki cafe, they got together and brainstormed how to make believe the values come alive. They recreated some of the skits, songs and visual aids their local cafes had generated to express the thoughts and feelings that underlay the values. The representatives from the Finnish cafes built a skirts nest and a sauna in the hotel opposeing room to represent Nokias furore for innovation (the birds nest was for the hatching of ideas, the sauna to represent the fire of passion).The next day, the group made their presentation to the senior leaders, and after some discussion, the four values that had came out of the cafe process were affirmed. OPK, who, like many Finnish people, was ordinarily quite reserved, was visibly moved by the intensity and seriousness of the feeling s expressed. He felt as though he could hear the voices of Nokians around the world, and he, too, wholeheartedly supported the values. He asked that a representative present them to a group of 150 top leaders that was meeting collar or four weeks later as part of the annual Strategy Sharing process.The group selected Ganeas Dorairaju, a native Malaysian who had been working in Finland for the past decade, to represent them. He stood in front of the top leaders and explained the values and the process by which they were created. At the end of it, the audience gave him a standing ovation. integrity leader wondered if the values could be turned into a catchy tune. Soon after, an employee teamed up with her husband and did just that Nokias bracing Values3 Nokias new values and the explanation of them are as follows n achieving together. Achieving together is more than collaboration and partnership.As well as trust, it involves sharing, the right mind-set and working in formal and inf ormal networks. engaging You. For us, engaging you incorporates the customer satisfaction value and deals with engaging all our stakeholders, including employees, in what Nokia stands for in the world. Passion for Innovation. Passion for innovation is based on a passion we have to live our dreams, to find our courage and to make the leap into the future through innovation in technology, ways of working and through ensureing the world around us. Very Human.Being very human encompasses what we offer customers, how we do business, how we work together, and the impact of our actions and behavior on n n n 4 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa people and the environment. It is about being very human in the worldmaking things simple, respecting and caring. In short, our desire is to be a very human company. The world cafe process generated values that are unlike and more open-ended than most companies. As leaders at Nokia note, the values require discussi on.People big businessman not know right away what very human means, but once people start to discuss it within the context of Nokia, it becomes very clear. People do, in fact, have those discussions. They use them to say, Hold on a minute, is this engaging you? Are we meeting that value in what were doing? Very Human is about associated with technology it reflects the fact that Nokia has to develop devices that are easy to use. And Achieving Together is about customers and suppliers as well as fellow Nokia employees. Achieving Together also helps remove the fear associated with being an industry pioneer.The values are aspirational but also model what was already working well at Nokia. In India, for instance, where Nokia has built a paramount market position of some 75 million subscribers in a very short time, the values were evident before they had been articulated, which likely influenced the input of the three cafes conducted in that country. One of the rudimentary factors t hat drove business success in India was the distribution system, which Nokia and its business partner, ATL, built from scratch when large consumer electronics retailers declined to carry mobile phones be precedent of their low margins.Working together to find an alternative, Nokia and ATL hit on the idea to mimic the small (sometimes just 5 x 5 feet) kiosks that are found in villages across India from which vendors sell fruits and vegetables. They recruited individuals interested in caterpillar tread their own kiosks, trained them and ensured they would have products in the right quantities and at the right margins for those vendors to make a living. The Nokia team wanted to be sure that whatever arrangement they designed would benefit Nokia, ATL and the individual mobile phone vendors.That way, they would Achieve Together. The Nokia team in Indiaa mix of native Indians and technology and other experts from such far-flung Nokia locations as Finland, China and Indonesiacollaborated in listening to and observing people in various parts of India to understand their needs. Their approach was collaborative and Very Human. As a member of the leadership team in Nokia India explains, One thing that Nokia prides itself on is that it is not arrogant. That comes across in every interaction. People never take for granted that they know everything. Because of conditions in parts of the country, Indians needed a mobile device that was dusttrial impression and didnt slip out of sweaty hands. They wanted a device that could be an alarm clock, radio and flashlight (or torch) as well as a phone. Nokias Passion for Innovation drove the team to find the technology solutions Indians needed. Nokia found that the process of creating values itself had merit. It allowed the many to connect with the many and demonstrated that heterarchy was more important than pecking order.It captured Nokia employees judgment of the challenges they were face up personally and organizationally and their desire to create an organization 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa 5 that could meet them. It also reflected the spirit of bonding across cultures, functions and silos. As a member of the executive team says, It is proof that a strong global corporate culture is possible. The next order of business was to track the posture of the values. To that end, the company has created a number of vehicles.Nokia includes values in its annual employee sketch, Listening to You, and made them a key part of the change pulse survey it undertook during a recent reorganization. The suggestion arose to have pictures to demonstrate the new values, so the company staged an employee competition for photos that represent the values. Photos were posted online, and employees voted for their favorite. The top prize went to a tonus manager in one of Nokias Chinese factories, who got to accompany Nokias brand people on a photo shoot in Paris.Given the quality of Nok ias artistic skills, it was a preference prize. More than 22,000 employees took part in the competition, and Nokia has a rich bank of photographs to represent the new values. Nokians now are pick outing to create 90-second films that tell how values are making a difference in their work. These films can be uploaded to a video hub where fellow employees can view them. As of October 2008, more than 60 films had been uploaded to the internal VideoHub, and they have had over 50,000 viewings. 6 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa Teaching NotesGlobal companies require the coincidence of their employees and partners not only on the strategy itself but also on the values needed to make that strategy thriving. Values reflect and shape corporate culture. A shift in strategy lots requires a shift in values. The Nokia case explores the connection between values, strategy, and the collaboration, innovation, speed and flexibility that are required for Nokia to succeed. Nokia is a very large company, with one of the highest brand recognitions in the world. It has the rare ability to design a new strategy and reshape its culture to deliver the strategy at the same time.The Nokia case describes Nokias social process for achieving alignment on valuesa component of corporate cultureacross geographies, silos and hierarchical levels. The learning objectives of the case are as follows n note NOTE note teachers Note Distribute only pages one through sixNOTE case study document to of this students. A PDF version of this document is also available online for your convenience. To learn the social process of engaging multicultural, multi-country employees in generating and agreeing on a set of values.To concretely demonstrate one way to build a workforce undefendable to crossfunctional, cross-cultural teaming that can thus make fast, high-quality decisions and increase the organizations flexibility. To probe and cabalisticen understanding of the relationships between strategy, culture, values and business outcomes. To encourage participants to brainstorm alternative ways to engage employees and accomplish alike results. To challenge participants to think critically about whether Nokias approach to creating values can apply to other business issues. n n n nThe case is appropriate for graduate students in higher-level HR courses and for HR professionals at the highest levels. 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa 7 The classroom instructor might want to pose the following questions for discussion 1. Why did company management choose values as a foundation for taking the culture to the next level? Nokia needs collaboration because it mustiness routinely leverage its technology platforms, global brand and manufacturing footprint, experience base in multiple countries, and in-depth knowledge of consumers and the marketplace.While individuals must have some degree of freedom to act, they cannot know everything or understand in depth all of the implications of various trade-offs that must be made in the ordinary course of business. As people come together to exchange information and make trade-offs, they must also have a common mucilage to hold them together. Values can be a uniting factor they can be the glue. In the process of creating values, discussions touch on other topics, such as strategy, management style, opportunities, competition, priorities, and the inadequacies of organizational structure and get systems.Values can fill in the gaps or provide what formal mechanisms missfor instance, they can support open communication outside of formal reporting relationships. 2. What is your view about the four values the cafe approach produced? Note that they are few in numberfour instead of 12. They describe the var. of company many people would like to work for. They can be applied in the strong world and are relevant to any job function or organizational level. They a re in keeping with requirements for Nokia to succeed.They capture the sense of higher purpose and human dignity people long for in their personal and work lives and therefore encourage positive, authentic behavior. 3. How do Nokias values compare with those of your company? Graduate students can compare with a company they are familiar with or one the instructor presents. One option is to look at the values of a competitorfor instance, Apple, given that Apple is now going into the cell phone business. Consider whether people connect with the values, or whether the values are too abstract or too generic to be meaningful.How many are there? Are they very well(p)? Do they relate to company strategy? 4. How give Nokias values help put to death the change in business strategy? The process and content of the values build trust, making people more receptive to information and ideas from elsewhere in the company. Information flows are likely to be nonhierarchical. Nokia should therefore be able to innovate and respond to change break down and quicker. Take, for example, the value achieving together. This value is now fully socialized at all levels in the company.It gives a lower-level person the freedom to call a higher-level person for collaboration and expertise where needed. By reinforcing this behavior, the values help break hierarchies, silos and other barriers. 8 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa 5. concisely define the behaviors that were stimulated through the cafe approach at Nokia. What information conduct got opened? Individuals took time to think about the company and how it does and should operate. They expressed their ideas, knowing their ideas could have wide visibleness and make a difference.Before attending the cafes, people seek input from their peers. Participants listened to the views from many other employees. They sought commonality among the viewpoints. They experimented with creative ways to express t heir ideas. Employees became excited about the company and renewed their emotional inscription to it. Information flowed across boundaries. Because participation in the value creation process required no excess knowledge, every participant was on equal footing, including newer employees, whose fresh ideas and energy got released.Thus, information flowed up even from some of the youngest Nokians, who represent the future of Nokia. 6. Whats your evaluation of the social process for engaging thousands of employees across the globe in defining the values? It was an efficient way to engage a bounteous, diverse set of people. The ready acceptation of the values (the output) indicates that the process was effective. It mirrored the patterns of communication and cooperation in a matrix organization. 7. What does Nokias cafe process say about its senior leaders? The senior leaders were secure about their role in the company and heir personal power. Once they committed to the process, the y had to be prepared to accept the output. They also had self-reliance in Nokia employees. They were willing to let go. Senior management of any company should not feel insecure about the outcome of the bottom-up process. Because the process is open, it has built-in sincerity. People want to do the right thing. Also, broad participation is a check once morest a few radicals who want their way. 8. If Nokia were to use the cafe process again in 2010, what change in values would you anticipate?The outstanding goal of this process is to produce a set of values that are enduring. If the company were to do it again, the values themselves might not be very different, but they might be deepened or tweaked because people will have examples of how they have been used, or not used. The exception is if Nokia were to make a 180-degree change in strategy direction. Then some new values might be needed. If such new values did not emerge through this process, consider whether the strategy shift will succeed.Also consider how the outcome might be different if some regions are far more successful than others going forward, and how working relationships might be affected. Consider, too, the values of younger people who will be entering the workforce around that time. 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa 9 The instructor needs to press participants on how concrete the values are, how engaged the people are, what are the pros and cons of having values shower upward, why this process generates energy, and how management can measure whether the values are indeed being practiced and having the intended results.The instructor can jumpstart discussion by dividing the class into eight small groups and having each group discuss one of Nokias four values, addressing the following If the group participants were the leaders, how would they ensure that the value takes deep roots and builds a superb social fabric while at the same time upward(a) business re sults? The instructor may choose to broaden the discussion to explore issues around new theories of organization and management, such as green light 2. 0 and the use of Web 2. technologies that promise to overcome the bureaucracy associated with hierarchy and make the organization more agile and productive. 4 What some people refer to as Enterprise 2. 0 or depict as a flat organization includes the direct exchange of information among people at lower organizational levels and bottom-up decisionmaking. Nokias value-creation process is representative of this new way of engaging employees and doing business. The following questions can prompt discussion n Is there a negative side to mass participation, or connecting the many to the many?Lack of knowledge or commitment can cause people to generate bad ideas that nonetheless gain momentum. Senior management will appear to be heavy-handed if it derails or ignores them. The major risk is when management is not trusted by employees, is err atic or seen as incompetent. Under those conditions, this process will fail. If that failure gets the attention of the board, which in this day and age is likely, the board might well insist on a change in management. Good management should learn from anything that comes in that does not match their expectations.In what situations, or for what issues, does a cafe-type approach work or not work? Any time a new leader is starting to take charge of a unit or company, cafe-type approach is a fantastic tool to energize and align people and hear whats on their minds. This could be used to generate ideas around any particular topicfor instance, to take on ideas for coping with the global financial crisis. Do you think employees want to weigh in on all issues? In this knowledge worker society, tapping everybodys brain and energy can create momentum and be a competitive advantage. People want to participate.There may be some managers who dont want to hear what people have to say. The blocka ge tends to be from management, not the employees. n n 10 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa n How do you know if the masses are generating a better or more authentic solution than a smaller number of experts? The adoption and application will reveal the validity of the solution. Lets remind everybody that experts are also employees. All experts can learn from the front lines. Experts also can be narrow. An open process will surface those conflicts in point of view.In a fast-moving, highly volatile environment, it is hugely important to draw those conflicts to the surface and get them resolved. unconstipated if the outcome is not better in some absolute sense, it will be better accepted. to what extent does engagement affect business performance? How can you measure it? An employee audit or pulse survey are common tools to measure engagement as well as perception of business performance beyond financial numbers. Have people shown more commitment? I n this case, the value of achieving together might be evident in shorter decision cycle times. n 2009 Society for Human resource Management.Geraldine Willigan, MBa 11 For Further reading Lawler, E. E. III, & Worley, C. G. (2006). Built to change How to achieve sustained organizational effectiveness. San Francisco Jossey-Bass. Shirkey, C. (2008). Here comes everybody The power of organizing without organizations. New York Penguin. Charan, R. (2007). Know-how The 8 skills that separate people who perform from those who dont. New York Crown Business. McGregor, D. (2005). The human side of enterprise. New York McGraw-Hill. Hamel, G. (2007). The future of management. Cambridge, MA Harvard Business School Press.Goldsmith, M. (2007). What got you here wont get you there How successful people become even more successful. New York Hyperion. 12 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa endnotes 1 For more on the history of Nokia, see The Story of Nokia on the Nokia web site, www. nokia. com/a4303001. For more on the World Cafe methodology, see www. theworldcafe. com /reading. htm. Nokias earlier values are as follows 2003 n Customer expiation n Respect n Achievement n Renewal 1992 n Customer Satisfaction n Respect of Individual n Achievement n Continuous Learning 3 4 For more on theories of organization, see, for example, Andrew P. McAfee. (2006, Spring). Enterprise 2. 0 The dawn of emergent collaboration. MIT Sloan Management Review. 2009 Society for Human resource Management. Geraldine Willigan, MBa 13 SHrm members can download this case study and many others free of charge at www. shrm. org/education/hreducation/pages/cases. aspx. If you are not a SHrm member and would like to become one, please visit www. shrm. org/join. 1800 Duke Street Alexandria, VA 22314-3499