Infrared Film and Thermography Essay Example for Free

Infr ard Film and Thermography EssayThermogram of a traditional building in the screen background and a passive house in the foreground Infr atomic number 18d thermography (IRT), caloric image, and thermal video are examples of invisible imagination science. Thermal image cameras detect beam of light in the infrared dress of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 9,00014,000 nanometers or 914 m) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. Since infrared radiation is expressted by all intents above impregn open zero according to the vitriolic system radiation law, thermography makes it possible to jibe ones environment with or without visible(a) illumination. The sum of money of radiation emitted by an aim increases with temperature therefore, thermography al unhopefuls one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through with(predicate) a thermal mental imagery camera, warm preys stand out well against cooler backgrounds humans and othe r(a) warm-blooded animals decease easily visible against the environment, day or night. As a result, thermography is particularly useful to military and other users of surveillance cameras. Thermography has a long history, although its use has increased dramatically with the commercial and industrial applications of the past 50 years.Government and airport personnel utilize thermography to detect suspected swine flu cases during the 2009 pandemic.1 Firefighters use thermography to see through smoke, to find persons, and to localize the base of a fire. Maintenance technicians use thermography to locate over shake uping joints and sections of power lines, which are a sign of impending failure. Building construction technicians contribute see thermal signatures that indicate heat leaks in faulty thermal insulation and undersurface use the results to improve the efficiency of heating and air-conditioning units. just about physiological changes in human beings and other warm-bloode d animals mess similarly be monitored with thermal imaging during clinical diagnostics.Thermogram of cat.The appearance and operation of a modern thermographic camera is often similar to a camcorder. a lot the live thermogram reveals temperature variations so clearly that a photograph is not necessary for analysis. A recording module is therefore not always built-in. Non-specialized CCD and CMOS sensors use up most of their spectral sensitivity in the visible lighter ditherlength range. However by utilizing the trailing area of their spectral sensitivity, namely the part of the infrared spectrum called near-infrared (NIR), and by apply off-the-shelf CCTV camera it is possible under certain circumstances to obtain true thermal images of objects with temperatures at about 280C and higher.2 Specialized thermal imaging cameras use central plane arrays (FPAs) that respond to overnight wavelengths (mid- and long-wavelength infrared).The most common types are InSb, InGaAs, HgCdTe and QWIP FPA. The newest technologies use low-cost, uncooled microbolometers as FPA sensors. Their resolution is considerably lower than that of optical cameras, broadly speaking 160120 or 320240 pixels, up to 640512 for the most expensive models. Thermal imaging cameras are more than more expensive than their visible-spectrum counterparts, and higher-end models are often export-restricted referable to the military uses for this technology. Older bolometers or more sensitive models such as InSb require cryogenic cooling, usually by a miniature Stirling cycle refrigerator or perspicuous nitrogen. Thermal zippoThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2008) Thermal images, or thermograms, are tangiblely visual displays of the amount of infrared button emitted, transmitted, and reflected by an object. Because there are ninefold sourc es of the infrared energy, it is difficult to get an sinless temperature of an object using this method. A thermal imaging camera is capable of fulfilling algorithms to interpret that info and build an image. Although the image shows the viewer an approximation of the temperature at which the object is operating, the camera is factually using multiple sources of data based on the areas surrounding the object to determine that value rather than detecting the actual temperature.This phenomenon may become clearer upon consideration of the formula Incident Energy = Emitted Energy + Transmitted Energy + Reflected Energy where Incident Energy is the energy profile when viewed through a thermal imaging camera. Emitted Energy is broadly speaking what is intended to be measured. Transmitted Energy is the energy that passes through the subject from a remote thermal source. Reflected Energy is the amount of energy that reflects off the surface of the object from a remote thermal source.If the object is radiating at a higher temperature than its surroundings, indeed power transfer will be pickings place and power will be radiating from warm to cold following the principle verbalize in the Second Law of Thermodynamics. So if there is a cool area in the thermogram, that object will be absorbing the radiation emitted by the warm object. The ability of both objects to emit or absorb this radiation is called emissivity. Under outdoor environments, convective cooling from wind may also need to be considered when trying to get an accurate temperature reading.This thermogram shows a fault with an industrial galvanizing fuse block. The thermal imaging camera would next employ a series of mathematical algorithms. Since the camera is whole able to see the electromagnetic radiation that is impossible to detect with the human eye, it will build a picture in the viewer and record a visible picture, usually in a JPG format. In order to perform the role of noncontact temperature recorder, the camera will change the temperature of the object being viewed with its emissivity setting. Other algorithms can be employ to affect the measurement, including the transmission ability of the transmitting medium (usually air) and the temperature of that transmitting medium.All these settings will affect the last-ditch output for the temperature of the object being viewed. This solveality makes the thermal imaging camera an excellent tool for the maintenance of electrical and mechanical systems in industry and commerce. By using the proper camera settings and by being prudent when capturing the image, electrical systems can be scanned and problems can be found. Faults with steam traps in steam heating systems are easy to locate. In the energy savings area, the thermal imaging camera can do more. Because it can see the radiating temperature of an object as well as what that object is radiating at, the product of the radiation can be calculated using the StefanBoltzma nn constant.EmissivityEmissivity is a term representing a materials ability to emit thermal radiation. Each material has a different emissivity, and it can be difficult to determine the appropriate emissivity for a subject. A materials emissivity can range from a theoretical 0.00 (completely not-emitting) to an equally-theoretical 1.00 (completely emitting) the emissivity often varies with temperature. An example of a substance with low emissivity would be silver, with an emissivity coefficient of .02. An example of a substance with high emissivity would be asphalt, with an emissivity coefficient of .98. A black body is a theoretical object which will radiate infrared radiation at its contact temperature. If a thermocouple junction on a black body radiator reads 50 C, the radiation the black body will ante up up will also be 50 C. Therefore a true black body will have an emissivity of Thermogram of a snake held by a human.Since there is no such liaison as a perfect black body, the infrared radiation of normal objects will appear to be less than the contact temperature. The rate (percentage) of emission of infrared radiation will thus be a fraction of the true contact temperature. This fraction is called emissivity. Some objects have different emissivities in long wave as compared to mid wave emissions. Emissivities may also change as a function of temperature in some materials.3 To make a temperature measurement of an object, the thermographer will refer to the emissivity table to choose the emissivity value of the object, which is then entered into the camera.The cameras algorithm will correct the temperature by using the emissivity to calculate a temperature that more closely matches the actual contact temperature of the object. If possible, the thermographer would try to test the emissivity of the object in question. This would be more accurate than attempting to determine the emissivity of the object via a table. The usual method of testing the emissivit y is to place a material of known high emissivity in contact with the surface of the object. The material of known emissivity can be as complex as industrial emissivity spray which is produced specifically for this purpose, or it can be as simple as standard black insulation tape, emissivity 0.97.A temperature reading can then be taken of the object with the emissivity take on the imager set to the value of the test material. This will give an accurate value of the temperature of the object. The temperature can then be read on a part of the object not covered with the test material. If the temperature reading is different, the emissivity level on the imager can be adjusted until the object reads the same temperature. This will give the thermographer a much more accurate emissivity reading. There are times, however, when an emissivity test is not possible due to dangerous or inaccessible conditions. In these situations the thermographer must rely on tables.Difference in the midst o f infrared film and thermographyIR film is sensitive to infrared (IR) radiation in the 250C to 500C range, while the range of thermography is approximately -50C to over 2,000C. So, for an IR film to work thermographically, it must be over 250C or be reflecting infrared radiation from something that is at least that hot. (Usually, infrared photographic film is use in conjunction with an IR illuminator, which is a filtered incandescent source or IR diode illuminator, or else with an IR flash (usually a xenon flash that is IR filtered). These correspond with active near-IR modes as discussed in the next section. Night vision infrared devices image in the near-infrared, just beyond the visual spectrum, and can see emitted or reflected near-infrared in complete visual darkness. However, again, these are not usually used for thermography due to the high temperature requirements, but are instead used with active near-IR sources. Starlight-type night vision devices generally only magnify am bient light. unresisting vs. active thermographyAll objects above the absolute zero temperature (0 K) emit infrared radiation. Hence, an excellent way to measure thermal variations is to use an infrared vision device, usually a focal plane array (FPA) infrared camera capable of detecting radiation in the mid (3 to 5 m) and long (7 to 14 m) wave infrared bands, denoted as MWIR and LWIR, corresponding to two of the high transmittance infrared windows. Abnormal temperature profiles at the surface of an object are an indication of a potential problem.4Thermal imaging camera screen. Thermal imaging can detect elevated body temperature, one of the signs of the virus H1N1 (Swine influenza). In passive thermography, the features of interest are naturally at a higher or lower temperature than the background. Passive thermography has many applications such as surveillance of people on a scene and medical diagnosis (specifically thermology). In active thermography, an energy source is requi red to produce a thermal contrast between the feature of interest and the background. The active approach is necessary in many cases given that the inspected parts are usually in equilibrium with the surroundings.Advantages of thermography* It shows a visual picture so temperatures over a orotund area can be compared* It is capable of catching moving targets in real time* It is able to find deteriorating, i.e., higher temperature components prior to their failure* It can be used to measure or lionise in areas inaccessible or hazardous for other methods* It is a non-destructive test method* It can be used to find defects in shafts, pipes, and other metal or plastic parts5* It can be used to detect objects in dark areas* It has some medical application, essentially in kinesiotherapyLimitations and disadvantages of thermography* Quality cameras often have a high price range (often US$ 3,000 or more), cheaper are only 4040 up to 120120 pixels * Images can be difficult to interpret acc urately when based upon certain objects, specifically objects with erratic temperatures, although this problem is decreased in active thermal imaging6 * Accurate temperature measurements are hindered by differing emissivities and reflections from other surfaces7 * Most cameras have 2% accuracy or worse in measurement of temperature and are not as accurate as contact methods 8 * Only able to directly detect surface temperatures* Condition of work, depending of the case, can be forceful 10C of difference between internal/external, 10km/h of wind maximum, no direct sun, no recent rain,ApplicationsKite aerial thermogram of the site of Ogilface Castle, Scotland.* Condition monitoring* Digital infrared thermal imaging in health care* Medical imaging* Infrared mammography* Archaeological Kite Aerial Thermography Kite_aerial_photography* Thermology* ex-serviceman Thermal Imaging* Night vision* UAV control9* Stereo vision10* Research* Process control* Nondestructive testing* Surveillance in security, law enforcement and defence* Chemical imaging* Volcanology1112* Building 13Thermal imaging cameras convert the energy in the infrared wavelength into a visible light display. All objects above absolute zero emit thermal infrared energy, so thermal cameras can passively see all objects, regardless of ambient light. However, most thermal cameras only see objects warmer than -50C. The spectrum and amount of thermal radiation depend powerfully on an objects surface temperature.This makes it possible for a thermal imaging camera to display an objects temperature. However, other factors also influence the radiation, which limits the accuracy of this technique. For example, the radiation depends not only on the temperature of the object, but is also a function of the emissivity of the object. Also, radiation originates from the surroundings and is reflected in the object, and the radiation from the object and the reflected radiation will also be influenced by the absorption o f the atmosphere.