Interprofessional Practice Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Interprofessional Practice Health - Essay Example The nurse is there to coordinate care, to deliver bedside care, and to educate the patient and his family about the disease and its treatment; the physician is there to issue orders on treatment and to coordinate with the members of the team for more effective interventions; the social worker helps to manage the patient’s mental health; and the dietician is there to manage the patient’s diet. These members help ensure that the patient’s food, medication, basic care, mental health, and blood glucose is maintained and sustained at healthy and optimum levels. Their coordinated working approach indicates that the interprofessional practice in health care can effectively manage diabetes. Interprofessional health care practice involves the integration of the separate and distinct approaches of care into a single consultation (Jessup, 2007). This means that â€Å"the history-taking, assessment, diagnosis, intervention and short and long-term management goals are conducted by the team, together with the patient, at one time† (Jessup, 2007). In the interprofessional health care approach, the patient is made a part of the decision-making process. The interprofessional health care team is obliged to come up with a coordinated understanding of all the aspects of the patient’s care and from a common and holistic understanding, to explore and discuss interventions and alternatives in the patient’s care. The interprofessional health care approach allows the members of the team to question each other and to step out of their comfort zones and work towards what is best for the patient (Jessup, 2007). This paper shall discuss the disease diabetes and how the members of the interprofessional health care team can work and apply their separate and collective skills in order to manage the patient’s disease. Diabetes is one of the most alarming diseases in the world, mostly because of the increase in its prevalence and also

Instructional Objectives Essay Example for Free

Instructional Objectives Essay Instructional objectives may also be called performance objectives, behavioural objectives, or simply objectives. All of these terms are used interchangeably. Objectives are specific, outcome based, measurable, and describe the learners behaviour after instruction. Instructional objectives serve as goals that teachers have set in the achievement of a greater goal. They also tell students what is expected of them. Instructional objectives make definite the direction in which teaching leads and become the focus of instruction, not only for the teachers, but also for the students. Without instructional objectives teaching is comparable to a fallen leaf whose destination is dependent on the will of the wind. Without instructional objectives, teachers will have nothing to follow in order to achieve what it should achieve. A well-written objective should meet the following criteria; describe a learning outcome, be student oriented, be observable or describe an observable product. A well-written objective should describe a learning outcome. It should not describe a learning activity. Learning activities are important in planning and guiding instruction but they are not to be confused with instructional objectives. A student-oriented objective focuses on the learner, not on the teacher. It describes what the learner will be expected to be able to do. It should not describe a teacher activity. It may be helpful to both the teacher and the student to know what the teacher is going to do but teacher activities are also not to be confused with instructional objectives. If an instructional objective is not observable, it leads to unclear expectations and it will be difficult to determine whether or not it had been reached. The key to writing observable objectives is to use verbs that are observable and lead to a well defined product of the action implied by that verb. Verbs such as to know, to understand, to enjoy, to appreciate, to realize, and to value are vague and not observable. Verbs such as to identify, to list, to select, to compute, to predict, and to analyze are explicit and describe observable actions or actions that lead to observable products. For an instruction to be useful, an objective must not only be well written but it also must meet the following criteria: be sequentially appropriate, be attainable within a reasonable amount of time, be developmentally appropriate. For an objective to be sequentially appropriate it must occur in an appropriate place in the instructional sequence. All prerequisite objectives must already have been attained. Nothing thwarts the learning process more than having learners trying to accomplish an objective before they have learned the necessary prerequisites. This is why continuous assessment of student progress is so important. A useful objective is attainable within a reasonable time. If an instructional objective takes students an inordinately long time to accomplish, it is either sequentially inappropriate or it is too broad, relying on the accomplishment of several outcomes or skills rather than a single outcome or skill. An objective should set expectations for a single learning outcome and not a cluster of them. Instructional objectives are often classified according to the kind or level of learning that is required in order to reach them. There are numerous taxonomies of instructional objectives; the most common taxonomy was developed by Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues. The first level of the taxonomy divides objectives into three categories: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor. Simply put, cognitive objectives focus on the mind; affective objectives focus on emotions or affect; and psychomotor objectives focus on the body. Cognitive objectives call for outcomes of mental activity such as memorizing, reading, problem solving, analyzing, synthesizing, and drawing conclusions. Bloom and others further categorize cognitive objectives into various levels from the simplest cognitive tasks to the most complex cognitive task. These categories can be helpful when trying to order objectives so they are sequentially appropriate. This helps to insure that prerequisite outcomes are accomplished first. Affective objectives focus on emotions. Whenever a person seeks to learn to react in an appropriate way emotionally, there is some thinking going on. What distinguishes affective objectives from cognitive objectives is the fact that the goal of affective objectives is some kind of affective behavior or the product of an affect (e. g. , an attitude). The goal of cognitive objectives, on the other hand, is some kind of cognitive response or the product of a cognitive response (e. g. , a problem solved). Psychomotor objectives focus on the body and the goal of these objectives is the control or manipulation of the muscular skeletal system or some part of it (e. g. , dancing, writing, tumbling, passing a ball, and drawing). All skills requiring fine or gross motor coordination fall into the psychomotor category. To learn a motor skill requires some cognition. However, the ultimate goal is not the cognitive aspects of the skill such as memorizing the steps to take. The ultimate goal is the control of muscles or muscle groups. The following are the importance of instructional objectives in teaching I. C. T Firstly, Instructional objectives are of immense significance in today’s education process. They provide organizers of the process with the opportunity to delve into learners mind and know where they are heading. Instructional objectives provide teachers the opportunity to design proper assessment procedure through tests and evaluation. Students know what they are supposed to do, use before or after a particular class. Instructional objectives also help trace the amount of change that has been brought about in a student. It gives a definite direction to the whole teaching-learning and evaluation process of a particular class in classroom situations. It also helps both the teacher as well as students in determining particular educational goals and enables them to focus their attention on specific learning activities to achieve those goals. Through instructional objectives – the organizers of educational process can determine the resources, course materials, curricular and co-curricular activities, relevant contents and references etc. which are so vital to make the process functional. Instructional objectives also lead the teacher into discovering the best learning situations, strength and weaknesses of the prevalent learning process, level of growth and development of learners through a pre-determined evaluation process. In short, instructional objectives help in monitoring and evaluating the whole educational process in minute details.

Brown v. Board of Education v. Today :: Comparative Essays Papers

Brown v. Board of Education v. Today Whenever I walk into Foellinger Auditorium, it’s usually to attend my econ lecture, but this time is different. I’m not going to listen to a lecture about how the economy works, but instead to listen to a family that caused the nation to rethink the educational system. The famous Brown family was going to give a talk about the famous case that carried their name and forever put them in history. The Brown v. Board of Education decision eliminated segregation in public schools, an injustice that so many African-Americans fought to end not only in public schools, but also public places. The Brown v. Board of Education decision was a step into the future where African-American and Caucasians could intermingle rather than be separated just because of race. Segregation in the early 50’s had finally reached the end of its journey and a new law was made to ban segregation and promote integration. Walking into the auditorium, conversations about the excitement of the Brown sisters giving a talk about the historical decision, politics, sports, and other everyday conversations could be heard. The auditorium filled with people of different ethnic groups, mainly Caucasians but several African-Americans came to hear the true story behind Brown v. Board of Education. I would have to say about 60 percent of the people were Caucasians, 25 percent African-Americans and the other 15 percent were either Asians or Hispanics. People of all ages came to hear what the Brown sisters had to say; some as young as the age of seven and some as old as in their late 60’s. Children, undergrad students, grad students, professors, as well as people with other professions filled the auditorium, with undergrad students making up most of the people who attended. However, the auditorium was not full or as filled as one would expect knowing that the Brown family was going to discuss the Brown v . Board of Education decision, a disappointing reality. The long awaited talk finally started a few minutes after four. Susan Fowler, co-chairman of the Brown v. Board commemoration, started by introducing the ten winning students who wrote to Linda Brown expressing their feelings about the Brown v. Board trial and decision. She then talked about how Project 500, established in 1968, recruited African-American students to the University of Illinois campus as a way to make the campus more diverse; project 500 was a direct result of Brown v.

Independence day Essay

Today we all have gathered here to be witnesses to our 67 prosperous years of Independence. A day so special in the history of India that wouldn’t fail to remind us of the heroic deeds of not just our freedom fighters but the citizens of India. On the eve of Independence our 1st Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru rose to make a speech on Independence Day, â€Å" When the world sleeps, India will wake to life and freedom.† My dear friends , we are the fortunate ones to be able to breathe this air of freedom since the day we were born. Fortunate enough not to go through the hardships and ignominy of slavery under foreign rule. It was indeed a Herculean task to overthrow the powerful giants, the British rulers from the land of our ancestors ,the despotic power that motivated us to fight as one . So my dear friends let not the reminiscence of those scars fade away but may continue to bind us . Today we remember the great leaders who gave their lives for India’s f reedom. Dr.B. R . Ambedkar gave us the longest thoughtful written constitution . Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru laboured for an Industrialized India . Gandhi ji taught us Ahimsa . Subhash Chandra Bose induced courage in us. Swami Vivekanand gave us spiritual power and there are many more who continue to inspire us even today. In these past 67 years India has witnessed different realms of success . India took immense pride when we emerged out as the world’s largest democracy, when India bagged the 5th position among 71 nations in the recent Glasgow games, when UNESCO declared our National Anthem as the best anthem and declared six forts of Rajasthan as the world heritage sites. When India was declared to head the BRICS 100 billion dollar New Development Bank for six years, when the WHO declared to grant India a certificate for the eradication of Polio. When a survey declared 36% scientists in NASA as Indians among the world’s top scientists and when ISRO’s PSLV-C21 was successfully launched on the 26th of July 2013. There are innumerable instances which continue to motivate us to think highly of our motherland but there too exists a dark side which should not be overlooked. The freedom for which our freedom fighters fought is still incomplete because there still exists in India a India where caste distinctions still prevail ,which prevent people from enjoying their part in our independent India. Day after day increasing crimes against women put us to shame as they defame not just the victims but their motherland too. There were those golden times when people were selfless, but now people  have crossed heights of selfishness and greed where the life of woman is nothing in front of green currency in the form of dowry. The greed for wealth has increased so much so that people have started robbing their own country. There are people struggling against the bondage of illiteracy , there are places where the light from an electric bulb still remains a dream ,places where people still need to travel miles in search of water, places where the backwardness of superstitious thinking continue to take the lives of innocent people . There are many more cases which are opposing us in our walk towards complete independence and development. It is our duty as the sons and daughters of India to eradicate such insane social evils from our society and make it a better place to live in enjoying their rights to freedom and prosperity. My dear friends, in the end I’d just like to remind you that it’s a blessing to be free and freedom is a blessing. All we need is to keep in mind not to misuse this freedom of ours. With freedom comes responsibilities, with responsibilities come dependence on our brotherly bonds of oneness and when we tread this path of Unity, we attain complete Independence. Our country is a symbol of great diversity in every form and I wish that the feeling of oneness may continue to beat in every Indian heart in our movement the a glorious future.

It Doesn’t Matter Case Study Essay

This is information era. The evolution of human society from agricultural society to industrial society, and to today’s information technology society, shows that information technology is playing a more and more important role. People who can access to information the most quickly would be the winners in the market. With the continuous development of consumer demand, and the progress of information technology industry, IT has been widely existed in every corner of the modern commercial society. We use computers to work, use software to improve the efficiency of information processing, use the Internet to transfer information, use E-mail and other technics to achieve efficient communication. We can say that the development of information technology promotes the development of the whole industry. According to Carr that information technology’s power and ubiquity grows, its strategic importance diminishes. I agree with this statement to some extends.   Like electric power in the past: the discovery of electric brought the second industrial revolution to the world. Nowadays, people cannot imagine life without electric. Electricity is everywhere and it is easily available. But it doesn’t mean that electricity is no longer important. It means that the market value of electric has changed tremendously. The market of infrastructure construction of electric is saturated. People are charging for using electric which was offered by electric power companies. IT is on the same way. Nowadays, people are building their own â€Å"electric plants† in their companies. The trend of the market is that there will be professional â€Å"IT plant companies† who can provide the techniques to every industry. Different kinds of industry are more and more relying on information technology. What people really need in the IT-era is not super computer and software, but the information. Companies invest in IT infrastructure to achieve the information, process the information and improve the efficiency eventually. With the development of the IT technology, there are many companies to provide professional technology service for the enterprises. Enterprises do not need to set up information technology team to develop their own software and system. They can obtain information technology support in the same way of calling ATT to set up homophone: professional workers will come to install equipment and provide service support. Cloud computing makes IT technology go from every computer CPU to the clouds. People don’t need to update their computer processing speed since that cloud computing makes information processing completed in the clouds. People’s computer becomes the information receiving window. The software in those computers also becomes less important. Software in the clouds can also obtain. Data is processing and storing in the clouds, so that special large memory in the computer is no longer necessary. Computers only need to get results from the clouds to show. There will be great advance in cloud computing in the in the near future. Software in the cloud will replace the software in the computers. The high-speed information transmission technology will have to improve as premise. For example, company can use the inventory management software in the cloud to manage their stock. Workers update the data online through a website where different kinds of database management strategies can be chosen.. The order information will be transferred to the suppliers online automatically. I consider Carr’s arguments in the article to be hold just for infrastructure investments. Today’s investment in IT industry should be focused on for example cloud instead of infrastructure. With the progress of cloud computing technology, the market demand of hardware and infrastructure will shrink.

The Irony of Clemencia’s Story Professor Ramos Blog

The Irony of Clemencia’s Story Gracen Slover ENGL 101 10 July 2019 The Irony of Clemencia’s Story In the short story, â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican†, by Sandra Cisneros, we are introduced to Clemencia, a woman who tells us her love and life story through past and present experiences. She isn’t living the life she’s always dreamed of, with a husband who loves and cares for her. This makes her feel helpless and that she will never marry a man and it shapes her mentality and her life aspirations. Clemencia starts off by expressing her anger and resentment for her mother, who was an adulterer. She retells many details from her life that she uses to victimize herself and gain some type of sympathy from others and more importantly, from herself. Although, it is revealed that she is indeed doing things just as bad or the same as what she said she hated her mother for. Clemencia isn’t able to step back and notice she is what she hates and is doing many things that others have done to her that she did not like. As she retells her story, many key pieces that she makes important, show irony and reveal her true colors. Clemencia had lived with her mother, father, and siblings during her childhood. Until, her father became ill and was soon dying quickly and in the hospital. During these heartbreaking weeks, Clemencia’s mother was off having an affair with a white man named Owen and was nowhere to be found while her husband was dying. Clemencia was so angry and shocked by her mother’s actions that she even refused to stand next to her, while her father passed away. After Clemencia’s father died, her mother quickly married Owen and moved him and his kids into her family’s house. This made Clemencia despise of her mother and think of her as nothing but an adulterer, who didn’t care one bit about her father’s death; and now her own children. Her mother seemed to disconnect herself from her previous life, and didn’t pay very much attention to or care for her real family. Clemencia never forgives her mother for what she has done or for how much she’ s ruined her and her sibling’s life. When Clemencia was a little older, she fell in love with a married man, Drew, who was her teacher at the time. She ends up living her life as this man’s mistress for many years, while his wife, Megan, lives like she has no clue that it’s happening. It is ironic that she hates her mother for sleeping with a man while she’s married, but in the future sleeps with a man who has a wife and family of his own. Research has shown that people turn into what they focus on, â€Å"Your mind is a very powerful thing†¦ and you become what you think about† (Peterson). She expressed her hatred for her mother because she has ruined her family, but later on in life she ruins another family for her own pleasure. The tables have turned and Clemencia takes no responsibility for her actions. She thinks she has done nothing wrong, and wants to put the blame on her mother who did the same thing; ruined a family for her own satisfaction. She may think she is doing nothing wro ng, because she isn’t married herself and isn’t being an adulterer. But, she is the one helping the man be one and is tearing a family apart to fulfil her wants and needs. Clemencia is oblivious to the wrong she’s doing and thinks she’s taking care of this married man. She says, â€Å"I just want to reach out and stroke someone, and say There, there, it’s all right, honey† (Cisneros 83). Clemencia has no thought or care for Megan as she sleeps with her husband for years and years. She only thinks about herself and what she wants from Drew, which shows as she says, â€Å"I haven’t stopped dreaming you. Did you know that? Do you think it’s strange? I never tell, though. I keep it to myself like I do all the thoughts I think of you† (Cisneros 78). You can tell by the way she speaks about him, like there’s not a care in the world about anyone else, especially his wife. But, she can hate her mother for doing exactly as she’s doing. As I mentioned before, Clemencia met Drew when she was his student, at around the age of 18. He was obviously intrigued by her and wanted her for his own. At the same time, Clemencia was interested as well and at a young age, began sleeping with him. In my opinion, she was in a way taken advantage of because of her age. At 18, she could have been easily manipulated into thinking this older man, who was her teacher, could be trusted and that he would take care of her. She â€Å"fell in love† with Drew and had a sexual relationship with him for several years. Until Megan, Drew’s wife, had a baby boy and the story becomes ironic. Clemencia continued to live with Drew and now his son, sporadically, when Megan was not there. She watches the boy grow up, explaining how she took care of him sometimes and how she thought of him, â€Å"These mornings, I fix coffee for me, milk for the boy. I think of that woman, and I can’t see a trace of my lover in this boy, as if she conceived him by immaculate conception† (Cisneros 82). She still had absolutely no respect for Megan, the child’s mother and Drew’s wife, and especially not for herself. Clemencia then explains how she sleeps with the son as well, in order to, â€Å"make the boy love [her] the way [she] love[s] his father† (Cisneros 82). The irony of this situation ties back to how she brings up her mother for being a hussy and a terrible person, but turns out to be one herself and not care for one second how wrong it is. It is also ironic how she was taken advantage of in her past by Drew, and now she took advantage of his son. Research has proved that it is very common for someone who has been abused, to abuse someone else, â€Å"[The abused] have difficulty with intimacy, security, trust, and commitment in [their] relationships. Lacking clearly defined personal limits and boundaries, [they] become enmeshed in [their] needs and emotions† (Characteristics of Emoti onally Abused People). In the beginning of the short story, Clemencia’s mother tells her that she should never marry a mexican because they’ll never be able to give her the type of family support and love that she wants. â€Å"She said this because of my father†(Cisneros 68), says Clemencia. She says this because her father was born in Mexico, which made him different than her and her mother, who were mexican too, but born in America. Her mother made it seem as though it was a bad thing to be full Mexican and meant that you couldn’t be faithful or provide true love and support for a family. In the future, when Clemencia is having an affair with Drew, she ends up viewing herself the same way her mother saw her father; a mexican. She tells herself that she’ll never be good enough for a man who could provide her with everything she wanted. Which she expresses by saying, â€Å"Besides, he could never marry me. You didn’t think†¦? Never marry a Mexican. Never mar ry a Mexican†¦ No, of course not†(Cisneros 80). It’s ironic how she is told from childhood to never marry a Mexican and tells herself that she never will, and in the end, she becomes the â€Å"mexican† that no one should marry. Clemencia’s story of love and life starts off sweet and ends ironically. She carried so much hatred for her mother her whole life for one reason, and ends up doing what the reason was herself. She let someone take advantage of her, but in the future does the same action to an innocent boy. And she even ends up being what she never wanted to be apart of, a â€Å"Mexican†, who couldn’t provide love and support for a real family. She doesn’t think for a second that she’s the bad guy, and wants to blame everyone else in her story. But ironically, she becomes exactly what she hated; a lying, adulterer â€Å"Mexican†. Cisneros, Sandra. Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. New York, Vintage, 1991. Peterson, Deb. â€Å"The Secret Power of Your Mind to Determine Your Future.† ThoughtCo, ThoughtCo, 3 July 2019, thoughtco.com/you-are-what-you-think-31688.nbsp; Characteristics of Emotionally Abused People, eqi.org/signs_of_emotionally_abused_people.htm.nbsp;

Professional Ethics Essay Sample

Professional Ethics Essay Sample Essay on Pofessional Ethics Providing a professional ethics application towards other party is a simple way of delivering a respectable process of valuing the rights of other individuals as well as groups. When we say professional ethics, this is the professional way of valuing the dignity and existence of other individuals or groups. This is an important structure because valuing the ethical principles and values make a person responsible and disciplined on a regular basis. In this case, the significance of essay has been efficient on delivering a high amount of trust and value towards others in a professional way. In this case, the relationship between individuals, groups, and organizations become stronger as they all value the importance of respecting their rights to promote their dignity on a regular basis. Application of professional ethics is usually observed at work because we all work for the betterment of the company or organization that we apply our skills and knowledge to the company or other people. Valuing the rights and the vision of the company makes us responsible because it is a way to respect the existence of the company or a group that we work with. As a professional, we value our interests and goals in life as we apply our skills and contribution to improve the performance of the company we work with. Respecting the rules and regulations are examples to prevent any ethical and legal consequences that might impact our professional and personal values. This is the reason companies have a very firm reason to apply all corners of regulations to employees, investors, and consumers so that the value of trust becomes efficient with their core values and interests. The importance of utilizing professional ethics is to consistently apply the significance of policies that impact our behaviors and relationship towards others. This is done when we are dealing with business partnerships that are essential to prevent conflicting interests of any activities that we apply or consider. When engaging a contract, respecting the statement of agreement paper aims to establish a common interest between two individuals or groups so that the flow of the activity is followed correctly. A contract of agreement or a statement of agreement is a professional way of adhering to the standards of the company by the involved individuals or parties. It shows how a certain business, service, or talent is being applied in the most professional way as possible through a written contract. Application of professional ethics is important because it applies the essentials of the law and respecting the policies of every involved party at all times. Being formal to every involvement to a business or a company implies that the person is fulfilling their responsibility as mandated by the involved party or the society as a whole. Valuing ethical responsibilities is an example on how a certain role is respected by an involved party so that any misconduct is prevented by employers or anyone who already made agreements with a certain party. One should realize that any conflicting interests such as violating the agreements that have already been signed will consider their professional contracts breached. This is because there are agreed terms that were not followed or having failed to accomplish tasks that are relevant to the scope of responsibilities that should have been applied by the involved party (Wager Williams, 2011). Reference Wager, Elizabeth Williams, Peter (2011). Why and how do journals retract articles? An analysis of Medline retractions 1988- 2008.  Journal of Medical Ethics.  37  (9): 567–570.

Verbing Family Members

Verbing Family Members Verbing Family Members Verbing Family Members By Maeve Maddox The other day when I saw the words to an unfamiliar modern hymn displayed on a screen, I stumbled over the word Father used as a verb. My momentary confusion was not because a noun was being used as a verb, but because the verbed noun was capitalized. Note: Even though the fathering mentioned in the hymn was being done by God the Father, the verb did not require a capital. I started thinking about the verbing of other nouns for family members. One often sees father and mother used as verbs. The earliest OED citation of father in the sense of â€Å"to beget† is dated 1483. The earliest use in the sense of â€Å"to look after like a father† is dated 1577. Shakespeare uses father in both senses in Cymbeline (1611). Belarius, reflecting on the nobility of his foster sons compared to the lack of it in others, says, â€Å"Cowards father Cowards,† Later in the play, when the Roman general Lucius invites Fidele to be his page, he says he will father him rather than master him. Note: The character Fidele is a disguised woman, Imogen. As Lucius believes her to be a boy, I’ve used the masculine pronoun. The earliest OED citation for mother in the sense of â€Å"to give birth† is dated 1548. The earliest citation for mother in the sense of â€Å"to take care of like a mother† is much later: 1863. Unlike father, which can still mean beget, mother is no longer used in the sense â€Å"to give birth to.† Procreating men â€Å"father children,† but women â€Å"have babies.† I’ve often used a line from Shakespeare’s King Richard the Second to illustrate the fact that nouns can be used as verbs: â€Å"Grace me no grace, nor uncle me no uncle† (Act 2, Scene 3). However, the Duke of York is not using uncle to describe a manner of behavior, in the way we use father and mother, but as a term of address. He’s telling his outlawed nephew not to look for favors from him by calling him uncle. York’s use of the word uncle is an example of anthimeria. Anthimeria (aka antimeria): a rhetorical term for the creation of a neologism by using one part of speech (or word class) in place of another. Other terms for anthimeria are â€Å"conversion† and â€Å"functional shifting.† Advertisers do this kind of thing. An annoying example that comes to mind is the Nutella slogan, â€Å"Spread the happy,† in which the adjective happy is used as a noun. I looked in vain for uses of other family relationships that are commonly verbed. A woman can mother someone, but not aunt or grandmother anyone. A man can father someone, but not uncle or grandfather him in the sense of behaving as an uncle or as a grandfather. The noun grandfather can be used as a verb. The verbal use derives from the legal term â€Å"grandfather clause.† A  Ã¢â‚¬Å"grandfather  clause† is a provision in which an old rule continues to apply to some existing situations while a new rule  will  apply to all future cases.  For example, the US Army plans to establish a new tattoo policy that forbids new recruits to have tattoos below their elbows and knees or above their neckline. According to an article in Stars and Stripes Magazine, â€Å"Current soldiers will be grandfathered in as long as the tattoos are not racist, sexist, or extremist.† Although not itself used as a verb, the noun cousin may be the source of the verb cozen. cozen verb: to deceive by artful wheedling or tricky dishonesty. Note: Both cousin and cozen are pronounced the same: /KUH-zin/ Some dictionaries cite an Italian source for cozen, but another possible origin is the French verb cousiner: to cheat on pretext of being a cousin. This possibility brings us back to York’s use of uncle in the scene in which Bolingbroke attempts to use a title of kinship to further his own ends. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictHow to Pronounce MobileComma After Introductory Phrases

The Role Play of Chinese Woman Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Role Play of Chinese Woman - Research Paper Example The first chapter, No Name Woman starts with a clever talk story about an Aunt Maxine Kingston had no idea whether she even existed. As the story weaves its self using the narrator’s voice, we learn that Kingston’s aunt killed herself and baby by way throwing herself into the family well. This was primed on the stifling knowledge that her aunt had begotten an illegitimate child out of wed lock. Getting a child out of wed lock was something that was prohibited in the Chinese culture, therefore, when one become such a victim was perceived an outcast, and thought to have brought disgrace to her family. Ideally, when Kingston had this story from her mother, it dawns on Kingston that she is not supposed to utter the name of her aunt by all standards. She thus decides to confine the memory of her aunt in her imagination only. In the same context, Kingston manages to rekindle the terrible experience of her aunt giving birth in a pigsty, but no one bothers to give her gifts as it is with the Chinese culture, after one gives birth (Kingston 12). The second chapter White Tigers is concerned with another story talk about the mythical female hero Fa Mu Lan. Fa Mu Lan. This story is told through first person narration. Fa Mu Lan practices thoroughly to become a hero when is only seven years old. He captains over men by way of pretending to be a man herself. She does this with a view to fighting against corrupt tycoon and monarch. After Fa Mu Lan wars are completed, she commits herself to the roles of both a wife and a mother. This revelation provides a sharp dissimilarity between Ha Mu Lan and Kingston different lives. Kingston stayed in America which had visible vestiges of racism. Her bosses were purely racist, and there was no she could stand up to them. So the resolutely resorted to fighting them using her own words as the sole weapon (Dickson 13). The third chapter threads through Kingston’s mother, Brave Orchid, and her senile traditional life bac k in China. Kingston’s mother was very influential doctor, midwife. Going by the story her mother was also a destroyer of ghosts. To Kingston, her mother’s past is as incredible as it is petrifying. Brave Orchid’s tales she regaled to her about the Chinese babies left to die; child traffic involving young girls disturb Kingston for many eons (Kingston 34). Towards the end of the chapter, Kingston comes home after being away for many years. Eventually, the two reconcile and mend holes that dented on their relationship after disagreeing and disputing over certain issues for a long time. The fourth chapter At the Western Palace is based on another of Brave Orchid’s talk-stories. These talk stories touch on the subject of an emperor who had married two wives. This story is somewhat intoned with analogy for Kingston’s sister Moon Orchid. When you delve dipper into the story, you learn that Moon Orchid’s husband, an accomplished doctor based in Lo s Angeles, had left her back in China and married a second wife in America. She goes later to America to claim her due as his wife. She hardly knows any English. Furthermore, things worsen for and she left to provide for herself in America. In the end, Moon Orchid goes mad and succumbs to her illness in a California state mental hospital (Kingston 145). Lastly, the final chapter A Song for a Barbarian Reed Pipe is matter of factly a memoir. This story talks in great lengths about Kingston herself and her

Robot Lab Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Robot Lab Report - Essay Example To define more precisely, Robot is â€Å"a device that automatically performs complicated often repetitive tasks† (merriam-webster). The task is instructed to the robot in the form of programs using any programming language. Robot can either be guided using a remote control or can be made completely automatic by pre-defining the directions in the program thereby replacing the complete human interventions. One such application of automated robots would be in industries where these robots handle tasks like cutting, welding, packing and moving to the correct destinations and so on, thereby increasing productivity, safety and profitability. Though the initial cost of purchasing a robot is comparatively higher, the advantages they offer simply overwhelms them. As a part of our Robot study course, we have designed and programmed one such automated robot using Lego NXT, a programmable robotics kit from Lego. Lego NXT comes with a brick shaped device called NXT Intelligent Brick which forms the brain of the robot. This device can be thought of an intelligent micro computer that can be programmable with many compatible programming languages. It can operate with up to four sensors and up to three motors. It also comes with an in-built LCD display and necessary buttons to navigate the user interfaces using hierarchical menus and a speaker to play sound files. Simple programs can be developed using this menus and more complicated programs can be downloaded through USB or Bluetooth. Though it can be programmed with many compatible languages, we have chosen Lejos, a high level open source language based on Java, for programming the device. A step by step procedure on how we have developed the robot is summarized below: Sensor Calibration: â€Å"A sensor (also called detector) is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument† (Wikipedia). Sensor is like an eye for the Robot, without which they are actually blind. A robot uses sensors for detecting what is happening around them so that they can respond or react to varying circumstances. In our design, we have used a simple ultrasonic sensor. This ultrasonic sensor is attached to the Lego NXT brick and series of measurement were taken in order to calibrate the sensor. The various factors involved in sensor calibration include sensitivity- the smallest change in input that will be detectable in the output, range- the minimum and maximum distances it a can measure, precision- the degree of reproducibility of a measurement i.e if the same value were measured a multiple of times, and good sensor would output exactly the same value every time, resolution- the smallest detectable incremental change of input parameter that can be measured in the output signal, accuracy- the maximum difference between the actual value (which can be measured by a ruler) and the indicated value at the output of the sensor, linearity- an ex pression of the extent to which the actual measured curve of a sensor departs from the ideal straight line and Hysteresis- the measure of capability of the sensor to follow the changes of the input parameter regardless of which direction the change is made. The measurement for each factor is recorded and the device is calibrated. Odometry and Dead Reckoning: Now that we have calibrated the sensor for the robot to recognize when to respond, the next step is to help the robot know

English 102 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English 102 - Research Paper Example The principles that underline the seriousness of this problem include blocks like sexual activity, universal sex education, and the availability of contraceptive options. The prime and the most pondered upon issue which is being spread like fire all around the researches in contemporary literature is teen pregnancy which is why I will provide a basis of this issue with reference to its illustration through modern art. Different beliefs are held by different people; similarly various researches show various results. Hence, for the clarification of the causes and measures for the solution of this issue, all sides have been provided and presented objectively for the formulation of the readers own opinion. As the viewpoints provided are completely valid and applicable, thus this paper provides a study reference for the elimination or decrease in the problem of teen pregnancy from the society and improving the public health sector. Allen, Joseph P., Philliber, Susan, Herrling, Scott and Kuperminc, Gabriel P. â€Å"Preventing teen Pregnancy and Academic Failure: Experimental Evaluation of a Developmentally Based Approach† Child Development 68.4 (2006): 729–742. Print. The psychological reference of this work to various social and personal issues of public health is known well. The entire article puts forth the importance of social development in high school students and the scholars suggest that both teachers and parents are well aware of the practice. This article also points out the difficulty that students and teachers face in trying to implement the broad developmental tasks. According to the approach and estimates provided on page 290 of this book, it has been elucidated that the increase in the early pregnancy is among the two most troubling trends in our society. It is suggested that there is a link between the process of childbearing of the mother and that of their daughters. As compared to the above study, this book suggests various

Critical Evaluation of Supply Chain Design, Management and Resource Essay

Critical Evaluation of Supply Chain Design, Management and Resource Planning at Kraft Foods - Essay Example The company was founded in 1923. Previously, this company had focused on the industry of ice creams in North America and expanded the organisation to enter the dairy market. Kraft Foods basically produces various delicious foods according to the demand and the mood of the consumers and the company also promises a superior quality of the produced food. Kraft Foods has recently took over Cadbury and the company has an objective to spread its businesses all over the world. Kraft Foods is one of the most well known company which deals in branded beverages and foods. It is the largest food manufacturing organisation in the United States, and the second largest organisation in the world within the food manufacturing industry (Kraft Foods, 2011). In the study the major objective would be to highlight and to critically evaluate the various operational functions of Kraft Foods, and their importance in accruing a better competitive advantage. The study also involves the Enterprise Information System (EIS) and its critical evaluation to analyse the knowledge management system of the company. The paper would also include recommendations to support the argument along with conclusion (Kraft Foods, 2011). Discussion Critical Evaluation of the Organisation’s Operational Management Structures and Systems in Relation to the Theoretical Principles, Concepts, Models/Framework Kraft Foods ensures a good and effective operational segment within the organisation. The company has focused on the quality, the design, and the effectiveness of the products produced by the organisation. Alike every other company, Kraft Foods also has certain operational functions, which help the company to gain a growth in the market as well as help to achieve a competitive advantage. The various operational areas involve product and service design, product quality, capacity planning, inventory control, resource planning and supply chain management (Kraft Foods, 2011). Product and Service Design Pro duct and service design are few of the most important areas in operational activities of a company. Product and service, these are the two important factors which link an organisation to its customers. Designing a product is the process of generating new ideas to create a new product and it depends upon the needs and the demands of the customers. Product design involves certain steps, such as, design brief, specification of the design, designing the concept, testing, designing the detail, further testing, manufacturing and sales. Each and every organisation generally follows these steps. Similar to product design, service design is also an important factor in organisational operations. Service design is the process of innovation of a new product or improving the existing product for making them more usable for the customers. The major goal of the service oriented companies is to design their service properly before delivering it to the customers, and it is also important to provide after sale service to the consumers (Moritz, 2005). Kraft Foods also ensures a good product and servi

Denialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Denialism - Essay Example In most cases of such dissenters, the stronger the emotion behind their beliefs, the more they are likely to invariably use cognitive inaccuracies to hold onto the false belief. In general, human beings tend to believe that there is a reason, and a physical logical one at that, why certain things happen. This especially true where emotional subjects such as the health of children is concerned. For example, they will feel that there is a reason why autistic children are that way. Some parents will also use examples of coincidental situations that occur to prove that there is a connection between autism and vaccinations. For instance, if a child dies soon after being vaccinated, its parents are likely to use that incident as justification for refusing to let their other children get vaccinated. Also, people have the tendency of expressing reservations on only the procedures that they are able to remember easily. In most cases where children receive vaccinations, they have no adverse re actions to them. This is an extremely common occurrence that is never reported on. Moreover, the media will report extensively whenever a child has adverse reactions to a vaccine. ... In the false consensus effect, parents are led to believe that the subject belief concerning the danger of vaccines is one which is widely held. This is mainly the result of being exposed to selective data through various elements of the media (Specter, 2009). In addition, most parents have no way of getting feedback from others about questions regarding this premise due to the unspoken rules regarding social interaction. For instance, if a parent suspects that his son or daughter is autistic because of the administrations of multiple vaccines, this view is not likely to be corrected by others or by doctors because it is unlikely that the parent will express it out loud. In recent years, the people who believe that vaccines cause autism have been influenced by the consistency with which the media reports on the subject of vaccines in relation to autism. It is also a fact that the parents who feel that vaccines are the actual cause of their children’s autism are more speak abou t it more often than those who do not believe this. Another reason why people might be persuaded about the accuracy of this inaccuracy is that it is the one issue over which they feel that they have control. Healthcare, in most nations, is the responsibility of government ministries; which many people distrust. Most citizens in nations around the world do not have a choice about the vaccines that their children get because governments have determined that the child’s rights to health are more important than the parent’s feelings about the matter. In some nations, children are vaccinated before being allowed to attend school while in others, parents are obligated to deliver the child to clinics for vaccinations. Many parents are irritated by the fact

Critical Evaluation of Supply Chain Design, Management and Resource Essay

Critical Evaluation of Supply Chain Design, Management and Resource Planning at Kraft Foods - Essay Example The company was founded in 1923. Previously, this company had focused on the industry of ice creams in North America and expanded the organisation to enter the dairy market. Kraft Foods basically produces various delicious foods according to the demand and the mood of the consumers and the company also promises a superior quality of the produced food. Kraft Foods has recently took over Cadbury and the company has an objective to spread its businesses all over the world. Kraft Foods is one of the most well known company which deals in branded beverages and foods. It is the largest food manufacturing organisation in the United States, and the second largest organisation in the world within the food manufacturing industry (Kraft Foods, 2011). In the study the major objective would be to highlight and to critically evaluate the various operational functions of Kraft Foods, and their importance in accruing a better competitive advantage. The study also involves the Enterprise Information System (EIS) and its critical evaluation to analyse the knowledge management system of the company. The paper would also include recommendations to support the argument along with conclusion (Kraft Foods, 2011). Discussion Critical Evaluation of the Organisation’s Operational Management Structures and Systems in Relation to the Theoretical Principles, Concepts, Models/Framework Kraft Foods ensures a good and effective operational segment within the organisation. The company has focused on the quality, the design, and the effectiveness of the products produced by the organisation. Alike every other company, Kraft Foods also has certain operational functions, which help the company to gain a growth in the market as well as help to achieve a competitive advantage. The various operational areas involve product and service design, product quality, capacity planning, inventory control, resource planning and supply chain management (Kraft Foods, 2011). Product and Service Design Pro duct and service design are few of the most important areas in operational activities of a company. Product and service, these are the two important factors which link an organisation to its customers. Designing a product is the process of generating new ideas to create a new product and it depends upon the needs and the demands of the customers. Product design involves certain steps, such as, design brief, specification of the design, designing the concept, testing, designing the detail, further testing, manufacturing and sales. Each and every organisation generally follows these steps. Similar to product design, service design is also an important factor in organisational operations. Service design is the process of innovation of a new product or improving the existing product for making them more usable for the customers. The major goal of the service oriented companies is to design their service properly before delivering it to the customers, and it is also important to provide after sale service to the consumers (Moritz, 2005). Kraft Foods also ensures a good product and servi

Factors that influence the effectiveness of teamwork in clinical Essay

Factors that influence the effectiveness of teamwork in clinical settings - Essay Example Competent leaders communicate clearly to team members, regardless of the instructions they intend to pass across (Leonard, Graham & Bonacum, 2004). Team leaders with effective communication skills also have appreciable proficiency. An effective team leader is ready to listen to information from other team members to ensure informed decision-making. Building commitment begins with the ability to trust other team members and have self-confidence. The quality of team members and leaders to embrace commitment is important in providing a unified set of goals that directs the clinical team members. Alongside giving direction, commitment is a quality that motivates the entire team, and individual members. Moreover, commitment enhances team responsibility and inclusive participation among team members, hence promoting cooperation (Tost, Gino & Larrick 2013, p. 1). Committed team members in a clinical working environment make independent and rational decisions that contribute to team success. Commitment among team members can withstand pressures during stressful conditions of service that may be challenging. In the healthcare sector, commitment mainly occurs when team members share comprehensive patient care goals. The common confidence in a team and its belief that has the best style generates commitment (Reeves, Lewin, Espin & Zwarenstein 2010, p. 1). A flexible individual possesses the ability to maintain an attitude that is open to criticism and accepts any erroneous conducts. Flexible team members can accommodate varied personal values and be receptive to ideas. Team members who possess the trait of flexibility are reflective, self-knowledgeable and honest (Mickan & Sylvia 2009, p. 1). Team members who lack flexibility, however, fail to understand the diversity of personal and professional values. Consequently, they risk making judgment according to their value systems without

Mary Warren Essay Example for Free

Mary Warren Essay Arthur Miller Shows Mary Warren in different limelight’s of power. At the beginning of the play there is an aspect of her having no power but as you go through the play there seems to be shifts in her power. Miller uses Mary to demonstrate young, single women’s power and how when you have so much power it can just slip right out of your hands in one brief moment. Miller shows that power can be taken away pretty easily and quite absentmindedly from Mary Warren’s character. He demonstrates this by making her young and single and setting the scene to a subservient, naive girl. This makes her prepared to answer and obey others unquestioningly and serving as a means to an end. In Act 1, Mary has a conversation with Abigail about the dancing. ‘I never done any of it, Abby. I only looked. ’ This shows us that she lacks the confidence to get involved, making us see that Miller is trying to present a very timid, scared girl. Marys fear is also shown through this dialogue. A sense of her having no power is shown through Millers use of stage direction. ‘(Enter Proctor. On seeing him Mary jumps in fright)’. Miller is trying to illustrate the lack of confidence and courage she has to stand up to him. This is also a remark of the amount of importance he has upon her. This is also shown in dialogue. ‘I forbid you to leave the house’. In these quotes Miller shows that young, single women have very little to no power and importance in Salem at this time. By Act 2 Mary Warrens character develops, so much so that Elizabeth is starting to fear her, ‘She frightened all my strengths away. ’ This shows that Miller is making Mary stronger and more confidence that other characters have to talk about her behind her back. Even though Proctor still believes she is a ‘mouse’ and still sees her as that, Elizabeth says ‘It is a mouse no more. ’ Miller makes the other character see that there has been a spark switch on in Marys head. All this is shown through the dialogue of the other characters on the stage at this time. Miller uses other characters to illustrate how Mary’s character has changed over a little while. At the end of act two there is an immediate power shift between Proctor and Mary. This is when Mary tells Proctor ‘I saved her life today’. ‘Her’ meaning Elizabeth, when Mary shares this with Proctor, he lowers the whip. The power shift is symbolised with this exact moment, Miller shows this moment through a stage direction. Then Marys dialogue after the power shift shows a side of Mary that we have never seen before, this is where she finally decides to stand up for herself. Miller shows her frustration at her lack of power and her lack of freedom that she is missing out on in a stage direction and her dialogue. ‘(with a stamp of her foot): I’ll not be ordered to bed no more, Mr Proctor! I am eighteen and a woman, however single. ’ In this quote Miller presents a respectful lady, however angry, who knows her authorities around the Proctors but still thinks that she has some say in what she does in her life. Miller also shows a depth to Mary’s character through her dialogue. In Act 3, Mary has reverted to her timid self like we saw in Act 1, this is shown through her silence and through Proctor speaking for her. In this part Miller tries to make her the weakest character in this Act through stage directions such as ‘(Mary is keeping her eyes to the ground)’ At the end of Act 3, Proctor threatens Mary in to telling the judges that Elizabeth did and is not using witchcraft and accusing Abigail of using it instead. This is effective because Proctor use his tender side for most of this Act ‘(He lifts Mary’s chin. ) You cannot weep, Mary. Remember the angel, what he says to the boy. But at the last minute Proctor turns on his threatening side and turns on Mary to help him. This is just like at the end of Act 2 when he decides to turn on Mary, there is a strong correlation between Mary’s power and her importance. Abigail also starts to threaten Mary in to accusing Proctor of using witchcraft and not to listen to Proctor no more by pretending that Mary is using witchcraft. ‘(backing further, eyes still fixed above): Mary, please don’t hurt me! ’ Miller tries to show in this part that Mary is powerless by using Abigail’s dialogue to portray this.

The Effects Of Climate Change On Cambodia Environmental Sciences Essay

The Effects Of Climate Change On Cambodia Environmental Sciences Essay The world climate is always changing through a natural sequence, and it grows up quickly due to the human activities which make the world worry about. As we all know that humans depend on a sustainable and healthy environment, and yet we have damaged the environment in numerous ways which lead the climate change and global warming occur. So, what is climate change and global warming? The climate change is an adjustment in the average weather for years. Usually, when we speak of climate change on a global scale, we are referring to changes in the climate of the Earth as a whole. Whereas, global warming is the growth up of the average temperature of the Earths surface. Although, the world climate and global warming are often used interchangeably, the NASA website has given the definition of these two terms that global warming refers to surface temperature increases, while climate change includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gases amounts will affect. For instance, if we look back to the 18 centuries till now, we can many homes, factories, and transportations increase dramatically. Those places are the main places where more coal and oil are burning; then those release greenhouse gases such as CO2, SO2 to the atmosphere, which cause the earth to warm quickly. Moreover, since the late 1800s, the global average temperature has increase d about 0.7 to 1.4 degrees F (0.4 to 0.8 degrees C). Many experts estimate that the average temperature will rise an additional 2.5 to 10.4 degrees F (1.4 to 5.8 degrees C) by 2100. This can happen due to the increase in total amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which trap infrared radiation from the earth. Causes and Effects of Climate Change to the World There are two main causes of climate changes and global warming-natural and human activities. First, it is caused by natural activities like continental drift and volcanoes. Million of years back, the continental that we live today is the formed of a gradually drifting apart of landmass that changed the physical feature of the landmass, and the position of water bodies. For example, the Indian landmass is thronging towards the Asian landmass slowly, but steadily due to the increase by 1mm of Himalayan range. Moreover, the large amount of SO2, water vapor, dust, and ash were thrown out when the volcanic eruption occurred. Those gases have serious effect to the atmosphere. For instance, so2 combined with water, it produces the acid rain which causes trees to fall their leaves, land erosion, and make the color of buildings become lighter. Second, climate change is caused by human activities. If we look back the industrial revolution in 19th century, we can see more industrial grow and the large scale of car increase nowadays. People also continue to burn more fossil fuel in their everyday activities like using modern transportation, create more factories and for household use. Burning fossil fuel, it release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere which cause to earth to warm quickly. Those causes produce most serious impact to the word today as it increases of the global temperature. When the temperature increase, arctic sea ice, glaciers and permafrost are melt; therefore, the sea level is also rise. Therefore, the lowland area like Newzaland will go to flood and it will destroy the habitat of animals. Moreover, higher temperature will cause the world drought so that people and some animals may die or move to the cooler places. In addition, warmer temperature also has bad effect to human health. People will have more allergies due to heat waves and the effect of direct ultraviolet from the sun. More animals that carry disease like mosquitoes are also growth more quickly. The Effects of Climate Change and Global Warming on Cambodia as a Nation Climate change and global warming affect Cambodia in several ways. First, it causes flood and drought. Flood and draught are two main extreme climate events and occur every year in a number of provinces such as Stung Treng, Kratie, Kampong Cham, Kandal, Kampong Thom, Kampong Chhanang, Battambang, Siem Reap, Prey Veng, Svay Rieng, and Takeo. Severe floods have resulted in a high number of casualties and destruction of infrastructures. For example, the recent flood caused by Ketsana at this end of September and early October 2010 caused 43 deaths and USD132 million of GDP loss due to the destruction of production sector, infrastructures, and social sector USD132 million, 19% of GDP loss in , and 33% of GDP loss in social sector. Besides, drought in Cambodia causes Mekong has low water levels which harm to people around 60 million who live along the Mekong River. For instance, the most severe drought, which subsequently occurred in 2002, affected more than 2 million people and destroyed more than 100,000 ha of paddy fields (Analysis of Policies to Address Climate Change Impacts in Cambodia by Ministry of Environment, March 2005). Second, it causes typhoons which strike the Cambodian coastline every 2 to 5 years and normally occur at the end of the rainy season. In November 1997, Typhoon Linda hit the Gulf of Thailand. At that time, the wind spread in Sihanouk reached 60m/s. Over five days, approximately 400mm of rainfall was recorded in coastal areas. It destroyed 81 fishing boats, claiming some 100 victims and most of the paddy fields of the Sihanoukville area (MoE, 1998). Third, climate change and global warming affect to Cambodian health especially the rural people. Those have high risk in facing to the disease such as dengue fever, typhoid and diarrhea. According to the Cambodia Ministry of Health (MoH) in 2004, it stated that Cambodia already has the highest malaria fatality rate within Southeast Asia, and 500 deaths per year. It was predicted by MoH that the changing of climate will increase the numbers of Malaria by 16%. How Cambodia Respond to the Effect of Climate Change and Global Warming Cambodia is a small a country that got impact form climate change and global warming as I have mentioned in the previous MC. The below are the response of Cambodia include individual, state, and international level to climate change and global warming. As individuals, we play a vital role in helping to protect our environment by trying to reduce the green house gases that emit from our everyday life. People can use bicycles to travel or walk from place to another instead of using cars or buses which burn fossil fuels that effect to our environment. Moreover, we can use some methods of recycle and reuse for some products in order to cut down the emission of CFCs into the atmosphere and then slow down the process of increasing our global climate which will deplete the ozone layer. Nowadays, we got a modern technology so that factories can use those techniques to apply in their factory to reduce pollution and destruction to the environment. Individuals alone cannot make an effect way to deal with the climate change and global warming. State also plays an important role to respond to the effect of climate change. As we can that Cambodia is the most vulnerable to the effect of climate change due to our economy depends mainly on agriculture. Due to 80 percent of Cambodian people are farmers and they facing severe drought and flood which cause serious problems to their rice yield, the government of Cambodia introduced some new techniques to them. In order to adapt to the climate change, he suggested some methods consist of changing the way of farming by telling them to chose the right seed, practicing rice growth techniques, promoting multi purpose of farming, and requesting them to do research for new techniques. Moreover, he can make a decision and enforce the environmental law such as not to cut down the tree, and set the maximum of emission of GHGs for each industries. In addition to the state actions, it has to cooperate with international level in order to get an effective to cope with climate change. For example, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted at the 3rd Conference of the Parties (COP-3), held in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997. It commits 39 developing countries to reduce their GHG emissions of about 5% below their 1990 levels during the period between 2008 and 2012. Moreover, Cambodian Climate Change Alliance (CCCA) funded by Climate Change Trust Fund of 8.9 million US dollars from European Union, UNDP, SIDA, and DANIDA to cover the period 2010-2012 in the aim of supporting the integration of climate change. Taking everything into account, we can make a conclusion that climate change and global warming is a hot issue that the world is worry about and it is really related to the global governance that we have learn for a semester. The reason is that climate change has no boundaries. For example, the forest fires in Sumatra Island which located nearby Singapore and Malaysia caused a serious haze to Southeast Asia by polluting the atmosphere. When it happens, it will destroy our hold economy, infrastructures, and our health; Cambodia is an example. To deal with those problems, we have to take time and spend more money by stating from ourselves to international level. However, I can pinpoint the challenge in this topic that the government may get difficulties in dealing with the climate change in the case of air pollution. As Cambodia is a developing country, we have to think and build up our economics first. Therefore, we have to lure the investors to invest our country. In this case, industries will grow so it leads to increase the emission of CO2, CFCs which cause more pollution to the atmosphere. Moreover, I think our government still not yet gets successful in helping the farmers to cope with climate change although he introduced some new techniques to them. As more than 80 percents of Cambodian people are farmers, not all of them get support from the government. Global government plays an important role in responding to this issue. As we can see that in 1988, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) established the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to provide a credible assessment of the state of scientific knowledge on global warming. Moreover, Untied Nation Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) adopted in 1992 which consists of 194 countries to address global climate change. Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is created to allow developed countries to meet part of their reduction obligations through projects in developing countries that reduce emissions or sequester CO2 from the atmosphere.

arctic oil :: essays research papers fc

The Arctic Circle Ditions enclose roughly the same territory, which is somewhat larger than the region bounded by the Arctic Circle, and will be used as the basis for this article.The largest Arctic tundra areas are in Canada, Russia, Greenland (Kalatdlit-Nunat), Scandinavia, Iceland and Alaska.Climate and Land Formation Tundra climate is characterized by harsh winters, low average temperatures, little snow or rainfall, and a short summer season (Goudie 1993). The arctic tundra, in particular, is influenced by permafrost, a layer of permanently frozen subsoil in the ground. The surface soil, which tends to be rocky, thaws in summer to varying depths. The combination of frozen ground and flat terrain on the tundra impedes the drainage of water. Held at the surface or saturating the upper layer of soil, the water forms ponds and bogs that provide moisture for plants, thereby counteracting the low precipitation.In relatively well-drained locations, the periodic freezing and thawing of the soi gy are also extremely important. Some animals adapt well to Arctic conditions; for instance, a number of species of mammals and birds carry additional insulation, such as fat, in cold months (Urquhart 1995).The Arctic has more than 400 species of flowering plants. The vast stretches of tundra that cover the plains and coastal regions consist of low creeping shrubs, grasses, thick growths of lichens and mosses, and herbs and sedges.Abundant animal life inhabits the Arctic, both on land and in the sea. Arctic mammals include polar bear, arctic fox, ermine, marten, arctic wolf, wolverine, walrus, seal, caribou, reindeer (domesticated caribou), musk-ox, lemming, arctic hare, and many species of whale.Birds are plentiful throughout the Arctic Regions. The guillemot and little auk nest by the thousands along cliffs. Ravens, snow buntings, and sandpipers have been seen in the remotest northern land regions, as have the snowy owl and the gyrfalcon. Various species of gull, including the jaeger, also r ange far t laska and northern Canada still follow a subsistence lifestyle. They live as their ancestors have, measuring their lives with the caribou.The Porcupine caribou herd sustains some 7,000 aboriginal people in northern Canada and Alaska. They rely on caribou meat for food and on the herd for learning the ways of their culture. For the Gwich'in, which means "caribou people," this animal is the spiritual center of life. Young men learn from their fathers and uncles how to hunt wisely and use all parts of the animal.

Construction resources Essay

Construction resources make use of physics in many of their products. Two that I have picked are solar collectors and their use of insutation. Insulators have the purpose of preventing conduction, convection and radiation to unwanted areas. There are a wide range of techniques and materials used in doing this and I am going to look in depth at this idea. The company uses solar collectors in many different ways, their main purpose is to collect solar energy and heat energy. They can be used to heat and power many different appliances. Photovoltaic cells: Photovoltaic cells transfer the energy carried by the electromagnetic waves that make up sunlight directly to an electrical circuit in order to make a current flow. Light excites electrons to move from one layer to another through semi conductive silicon materials. Only a fraction of a volt is produced so a large array is needed to produce appreciable currents, usually about 20W to 100W. The Photovoltaic cells produce DC current so if alternate current AC is desired then an inverter is required. AC form is commonly available from the mains. Solar cells: Sunlight may also be used to heat water directly. This can be done in two ways, water can be circulated through pipes which run through the back of the solar cells, producing water at around 60oC suitable for household use. The other method is to focus sunlight from a large are to a small spot using an array of mirrors, this can produce temperatures of up to 4000oC and it’s quite feasible to produce power stations from this, however it has not been implemented yet. Here is on way in which the hot water can be used, this is quite economical and environmentally friendly. Solar panels are quite versatile and can be put on many roofs of simply in the garden, which makes them popular when it comes to heating swimming pools of hot water for showers. Any material that is a poor conductor of heat and electricity can be used as an insulator. Thermal insulating materials reduce the flow of heat between hot and cold regions. Thermal insulation may have to fulfill one or more of three functions: to reduce thermal conduction in the material, in which heat is transferred by electrons; to reduce thermal convection currents, which can be set up in air- or liquid-filled spaces; and to reduce radiation heat transfer, in which thermal energy is transported by electromagnetic waves. These are three ways in which heat energy can be transferred. Conduction, where heat energy is transferred through solid materials, metals are normally the best conductors. There are a number of factors that affect thermal conductivity. Increasing the area of the cross-section of the solid through which hear flows increases the rate of flow, however increasing the thickness of the wall decreases the flow of heat. Provided that a steady state has been reached (where the temperature of any point is not changing through time) then the rate of flow of heat ? Q/? t is given by: ?Q/? t –> A ? T/? x Besides the physical dimensions of the materials, another factor affecting rate of flow is the properties of the material, the Thermal Conductivity of the materials ? through which the heat energy is travelling is the constant of proportionality in this relationship, so:?Q/? t = -? A ? T/? x The units for thermal conductivity are watts per metre per kelvin. The Quantity ? Q/? t is called the temperature gradient. On my visit to Construction resources I noticed that they have used these Physical conclusions in there insulation. One in particular is ‘Homatherm’ a wall and roof insulator. The slabs are thick which means less flow of heat, and have a thermal conductivity is only 0. 04 W/mK. Conduction in terms of particles: The particles in metals and non-metals are arranged differently, which gives them their different characteristics. In a non-metal the particles have forces between them that can be described like springs. When heat is delivered to the solid the oscillations of the particles being heated will increase in amplitude. For heat to be conducted the neighboring particles must also receive the extra energy, as particles oscillations increase in frequency the neighboring particles also gradually increase in frequency as heat is transferred to them. This is a very slow process. In a metal the arrangement is different, metallic boding occurs between metal atoms where a ‘sea of delocalized’ electrons hold the positive metal ions together in a lattice. It is these free electrons that are responsible for the high conductivity character of metals. When a metal is heated the metals ions vibrate with an increase frequency. When an electron hits these ions with extra energy, they receive this extra energy and move faster. This electron can then travel to another parts of the lattice, to an ion that hasn’t received any of this heat energy and collide with it, transferring its energy to this ion. Now that ion has extra energy and vibrates with a greater frequency. This process is a lot faster as there are many electrons in a metal lattice. U-Values: Architects and heating engineers use U-Values to calculate the flow of heat energy through building materials. The U-Values is quoted for a given thickness of a particular material, and is based on actual measurements made using the material. The U-Value is defined as: U-value = Rate of energy flow Area X Temperature difference Construction resources uses this knowledge of U-Values when designing building materials to reduce the energy wasted in the form of heat going out of the build and to achieve the ultimate goal of reducing CO2 emissions. But there are obvious limitations with reducing thermal conductivity, you can only reduce it to a certain amount, 0. 025 in air, so there will always be heat loss. Also too much insulation in the house will lead to what construction resources refers to as internal pollution. This has lead to construction resources researching in trying to lower the energy that is used to build and transport he construction materials. Bibliography: Microsoft Encarta Heinemann Advanced Science Salter’s Horner’s AS Advanced Physics Strengths and Limitations of Photovoltaic cells: Since one photovoltaic cell only produces a small fraction of a volt, large arrays are required to produce appreciable voltages. This requires a lot of space and the cells need to be in a place where no shadows will be cast on them. This limits what they can be used for. Also the amount of power produced by the photovoltaic cells directly depends on the amount of sunlight, so they cannot be relied on to produce power for something that constantly needs it. The only way this can be overcome is if some power was stored for a rainy day. But this again would take up space. Also an array of solar collector will be expensive and have a long ‘pay back’ time. However it is environmentally friendly and after the pay back time, savings can be made. Also photovoltaic cells can be made look attractive depending on where they are placed. Strengths and Limitations of solar cells: The solar cells have similar limitations to the photovoltaic cells in regards to positioning and cost but a small array is only required to produce enough hot water for something like residential showers or central heating. This is economical and environmentally friendly and solar cells are quite versatile.

American Revolution: Loyalist Believed Patriots, James Chalmers Plain Truth

In the years prior to the American Revolution there were many different perspectives on whether the colonies should fight for their independence, or remain loyal to England and attempt to repair their relationship. The loyalists, who were mostly royal governors and officials in the colonies, believed that the talk of separation from Britain was a waste of time as it seemed impossible at the time. They also believed that the colonies still owed Britain a great debt due to their support in helping win the French and Indian War.Most loyalists believed that the colonies could not survive on their own as they depended just as much, if not more, on Great Britain as they did the colonies. The opposing perspective came from the group of people know as the patriots, who supported colonial independence from England. Many believed strongly in this fight for liberty and went to great measures to express their beliefs and have their voices heard.These people disagreed with the taxes being instill ed on the colonies without proper representation, and believed that Parliament and the King were unfit to rule the colonies as such a great distance separated each country and their governments. Both sides had their arguments as to why fighting for independence or remaining loyal to Britain was the right choice, and using these arguments, attracted many people to join each of their sides.Plain Truth was an article written by James Chalmers in 1776 which was essentially an angry response to Thomas Paine’s Common Sense that was published shortly before. In seventy pages, Chalmers wrote anything he could think of to tear down Common Sense. His main fault was in his writing, as it was directed at the more educated men and women, who at the time were mostly loyalists already, unlike Common Sense which was written very simply in order to be read and understood by even the uneducated.His main opposition to Paine were his views on democracy. Paine had a strong desire for democracy, u nlike many of the other Patriots that Chalmers disagreed with wholeheartedly. He refers to the short-lived democracies of Greece and Rome, comparing them to what he believes will be the outcome of a future American democracy, resulting in war and ruins. He briefly reminds the colonists of their debt to England due to their support in the French and Indian War, but as this is clear to most colonists, a strong argument is unnecessary.Chalmers’ biggest loyalist argument is that the colonists just simply could not win a war against Britain alone, which was very true. He saw it illogical for Spain or France to assist the colonists in their fight for independence in fear of directing ideas of revolution to their own royal colonies. Although many of the ideas expressed in Plain Truth are true, his lack of simple writing and invalid arguments could not have attracted nearly as many supporters as Thomas Paine’s Common Sense.  (New, Christopher)â€Å"Of the Natural Rights of Colonists† describes the views of African Americans on the American Revolution and the patriots’ desire for independence. In this piece of writing, the African Americans compare the relationship between Great Britain and the colonies to the relationship between a slave and his or her master. They emphasize that every person, no matter who they are, what they look like, or where they came from, is born with liberty and their own God-given rights.Just as a slave has those rights ripped away from them by their master, they believe that the colonists are being stripped of their rights by England as well. Obviously being against slavery or anything similar, the African Americans who contributed to this piece of writing are supporters of the fight for independence and patriots. Comparing the colonies to slavery really emphasizes that they believe they are being treated unfairly and deserve the rights they were born with.This piece of writing would have attracted many patriot supporters, as its arguments were truthful and relevant. (â€Å"Of the Natural Rights of the Colonists†) Patrick Henry, in his piece Liberty or Death, describes all of the things the colonies have done to try and peacefully repair their relationship with Great Britain, and how each one was ignored. He explains how war is not something they want, but after nothing else has worked, it seems to be the only possible solution.After countless protests, petitions and even pleading before the King, all had been ignored. Henry enthusiastically describes the need for war, as they will no sooner give up their liberty willingly than they will die. It is clear that Patrick Henry is a strong supporter of the fight for independence from Greta Britain and a strong patriot leader as well. This piece, describing England’s refusal to compromise with the colonists pleading requests surely brought upon many patriot supporters who agreed that war was the only option left.  (Henry, Patrick )Each of these views, both loyalists and patriots has a different argument as to why the colonies should either attempt to repair their relationship with England, or fight for independence. The patriots felt that England, by controlling them, was taking away the rights that they were born with, just as masters strip slaves of their rights. They also believed that they had no other option at this point, as England was not being the least bit cooperative and had ignored all protests and pleading prior.Loyalists believed that the fight for independence would essentially end in unnecessary deaths on both parts, as they believed it was impossible for the colonists to win against the English. They were skeptical of the government that American independence would produce, as past democracies in history had all ended in ruins. Each side has many arguments that divided the colonists based on their beliefs. It is clear that each side has attracted many supporters, but in the end, the Patriots turned out superior.

History of Physical Education

Brief History of Physical Education A brief history of physical education in the United States would kick off in the nineteenth century. There was growing popularity of formal physical education programs all across Europe where calisthenics and gymnastics were all the rage. American schools looked to follow the European model by incorporating physical education into the curriculum for primary and secondary schools. And a brief history of physical education would not be complete with a consideration of institutes of higher education that gradually built up extremely successful sports programs.How it began The brief history of physical education would start in just about 1820 when schools focused on gymnastics, hygiene training and care and development of the human body. By the year 1950, over 400 institutes had introduced majors in physical education. The Young Men's Christian Association launched its very first chapter in 1851 and focused on physical activities. Colleges were encoura ged to focus on intramural sports particularly track, field and football.But physical education became a formal requirement following the civil war when many states opted to pass laws that required schools to incorporate a substantial physical education component into their curriculums. But it was not till 1970 that an amendment was made to the Federal Education Act that allowed women from high school and college to compete in athletic competitions. Sex-based discrimination was completely outlawed from government funded programs at this point. THE HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN GREECEIn Greece the latest years special education has followed the same progression as in any other country in Europe but in a very slow pace. Specifically, Special Education services were available to Greek children since the beginning of the 20th century, adapted Physical Education was introduced the last two decades. After the first half of the century various associations developed intense activity with the aim to protect specific groups of people with special needs such as, the blind, the deaf and motionaly disabled.The initiative had clearly charitable characteristics with pity as the main feeling. The state welfare was non-existent every kind of care and prevention was accorded to the authorization of the charitable organization that with full power decided during the course of the years about the life and the future of thousands of people with special needs. The offers of the individuals had the form of institutional care (enclosed protection) with the offer of basic knowledge.The interest of private initiative led to the introduction of various institutional units and schools; firstly in the area of Attica and then in other cities of Greece. Some of the first institutions, which were created, was the â€Å"house of the blind† in 1906, the â€Å"house of the deaf and dump† in 1923, and the â€Å"Hellenic organization for the protec tion and rehabilitation of disabled children†. In 1937 much late there were more branches created such as the â€Å"national institution for the protection of the deaf and dump† in 1937, the â€Å"lighthouse of the blind† in 1946, the â€Å" school of the blind in North Greece† in 1948 etc.These institutions housed a great number of children but the role of the individuals was not only always a charitable one. However, the private sector helped in its way the state preparation so as to take up later the responsibility and interfere institutionally. The first state interferences began in 50’s and concerned mainly legislation arrangements for the blind and after for the motionaly disabled. The state however was interested in the group of the mentally retarded children and later in the motionaly disabled, which the private agents had completely ignored.The first school, which was founded by the state for the mentally retarded children, was the â€Å" original special school of Athens† in 1937. Many people considerthe state interference in the space of special education during the 30’s non-occasional. The considerable evolutions of pedagogical and psychology sciences, the establishment of obligatory attendance for all the children and the great number of mentally retarded children comparatively with other groups of â€Å" inferior individuals† was a reality which the Greek state could not ignore.From the mid of 50’s the 70’s the developments in special education came again from the wide activity of the private sector while the state followed with mainly legislation inferences and the well known sympathy towards the people with special needs. So, during this period educational units were founded and â€Å"deaf and dumb† schools in various areas of Greece and units for motionaly-disabled people. Another offer of the private sector was the foundation of children’s neuropsychiatry clini cs and schools for the group of â€Å"marginal adults† and â€Å" mentally retarded children†.The exemplification of the Greek state and the educational policy of the western countries begins in the mid of the 70’s approximately. Specifically towards the end of the 70’s measures were promoted for the professional rehabilitation of the disabled by giving motives to employers for the employment of these people. Since 1980 and then special classes for the children with, learning difficulties and slight mental retardment began to be estamplished.The Greek state in the 80’s seems to desire to participate actively with the other social factors in an attempt of reorganization of the philosophy and pre-existent structure concerning the people with special needs, which imposed their life and social back round. Precisely, emphasis was given in the whole development and the development of the potential of the people with special needs, their introduction in t he productive procedure and their mutual acceptance in the social group.Today, thousands of individuals with disabilities are introduced to sports in various settings such as schools or in sports clubs in both segregated and integrated settings by a variety of national and international organizations. The momentum for such change is contributed to several reasons: †¢ One of the most important reason is the introduction and approval of a new law, which mandates not only free public education for all children, but most important integration of children with disabilities in schools settings.This law is consideredas a springboard for the recognition for all children’s rights to participate in physical education activities. †¢ A second reason, is beginning of 90’s the implementation of the program â€Å"Sports for All†, which is organized by the General Secretariat of Sports and implemented with the support of different municipalities within Greece. †¢ A third reason, is the mandatory exposure of all students of physical education in adapted physical activity course work during their core university studies.In this way they have the opportunity not only to be introduced, but also to become specialized later on this subject. This has considerably affected their attitude to teach integrated sports. †¢ A fourth reason is the organization of the Paralympic Games of 2004, which is considered one of the largest events in the world. Due to the magnitude of this event, Greece started to evaluate the current status of the movement for sports for the disabled people, as well as, begin to take important actions towards the best organization of the games. History of Physical Education PREFACE To provide a meaningful background of physical education and sport in modern society it is helpful to have a clear understanding of its role in the past and how it emerged. The purpose of this assignment is to outline the history of physical education since time immemorial. The text begins with the beginning of the humankind engaging in physical activities, showing the history of physical education and sport being a rich tapestry of people, places, events and social forces from early civilization to the present time through transitional periods. INTRODUCTIONThe ground of education as a whole is going through remarkable challenges to serve the needs of the individual and the society, and this trend is reflected in physical education also. The history of physical education goes back to the earliest times, if we think of it in the simple terms of fitness and has existed since human society in one form or other. Since early history, even before the dawn of civilization and cultur e, physical exercise has been a very important aspect of human existence and it was not so long ago that it was called† physical culture† or â€Å"physical training†.THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD Primitive humans began life in the â€Å"Stone Age. † What can they be called? Paleolithic people, Stone agers, primitive humans or cave men. They were hunters and gatherers. They hunted wild game and fished; they gathered veggies, berries and nuts. Primitive humans depended entirely on nature for food. Primitive men moved according to their satisfaction, needs and necessity. They needed to be fit to be able to go through their journey to hunt for food and water. Being nomads and hunters, they were people who had to be persistently hunting and gathering food for survival.Their trips regularly lasted for one-to-two days for food or water and were meant for regular physical activity to be produced. When they successfully hunted, they would travel many miles and miles to cel ebrate with family and friends. Physical activities were not organized by them. The necessity for survival which is the protection against hostile environment and wild beasts, and sometimes the engagement in murder to insure their protection, motivated these men to keep themselves physically ? t and strong enough compared to stronger forces of nature. In those days there were no machines to help people in their work.That is why they had to depend exclusively upon their physical powers and physical skill. They considered their body to be their prize possession, so their primary concern was to maintain and protect their body. The order of the day was the survival of the most fit. Their sociable nature was inborn and drew only by mating and propagation that gave them the desire to dance and play, which were not being organized. Men lived in such a state for thousands of years. There was neither any organization nor system. Most of their acts were learnt by the young generations by the competence of imitation rather than instruction.This lifestyle created many physical activities and a high level fitness which defined human life. THE NEOLITHIC TRANSITION Neolithic people lived during the â€Å"New Stone Age†, from 9000 to 8000 B. C. This was the transitional period in which pre- historic societies began to control their surroundings and form civilization. The two most significant developments were the domestication of animals and farming. Their society was different from Paleolithic culture because they lived in established communities, domesticated animals and cultivated crops.As they improved their society they developed skills like spinning, weaving and building. They also made tombs and religious items. Men and women gave up hunting gathering as the only sources of living and learnt to produce their own food. Agriculture and the raise of cattle were discovered and increased to a productive economy. Many villages were built generally located next to rive rs. Then came the creation of the plow, so the difficult tasks being done by the animals and other agricultural development brought the beginning of a less active lifestyle.Social organization became more complex in the first villages, and then towns. Different kind of chiefs appeared and gave rise to a political system. There was class system whereby society was divided into rich and poor. A specialization of work took place. Apart from peasants and cattle farmers, new economical activities such as craftsmanship (fabric, pottery) were born. This era in history symbolizes the beginning of a more sedentary lifestyle, as man began to lessen some hardships of life while simultaneously decreasing daily physical activity.ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS (2500-250 B. C. ) (i) China In China, the participation of regular physical activity was encouraged by the philosophical teachings. There were no such words in the Chinese vocabulary entirely corresponding to the Western terms of â€Å"sport† and â€Å"physical education†. Such physical exercises as wrestling, swordplay, archery, charioteering and horse-racing were all incorporated in the military training and therefore came under the general term of â€Å"wuyi,† or â€Å"martial arts. † Kung Fu gymnastics was developed to keep the body in good and working condition.It consisted of various stances and movements, patterned by separate foot works and imitations of different kind of animals’ fighting styles. (ii) India India has a long recorded history of civilization but physical activity was not encouraged because of the religious teachings over there. The teachings of Buddha restricted most of the sports and games practiced by other early civilizations. However, an exercise programs known as â€Å"yoga†, same as the Chinese Cong Fu gymnastics, was developed and some other physical activities as well. According to the Hindu priests, Yoga signifies the development of body, mind, and spir it.The Ancient Indian philosophers recognized the health benefits of Yoga, which consisted of the proper functioning of organs and the whole well-being. There have been many physical activities but were never treated as a part of general education, they were mostly an entry to military career. ANCIENT GREECE: THE HEART OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION & SPORT (2500-200 B. C. ) The western civilization began with the Greeks. They were the first one to provide a methodical and philosophical attitude toward education, physical education and sport. It is believed that no other civilization has held fitness in such appreciation as the ancient Greece had.The admiration for beauty of the body and importance of health and fitness throughout society is one that is beyond compare in history. For the Greeks, the development of the body was equivalently as important as development of the mind. They believed that the physical well-being was crucial for the mental well –being. During that period, the Greek states were frequently at war with each other. The Fighting abilities were very much associated with physical fitness levels, therefore making it very important for the people to maintain high level of fitness.Athens and Sparta were the two most famous city-states and dominant force of the Greek civilization. Sparta was already militaristic by 700 B. C. Spartans were derisive of intellectualism. They were generally suspicious and conventional. All that mattered to the Spartans was being a warrior. Athens was the more democratic of the two city-states. Both city-states served the people and their needs although they were very different. Being a potential warrior was all that mattered to the Spartans. Athens was the more democratic of the two city-states. SPARTAThe Spartan system was much more autocratic. Male children were taken at the age of seven to learn the basic military skills while living in barracks. Little emphasis was placed on the arts, sciences, philosophy and lite rature. Physical activities such as gymnastics, running, jumping, boxing, wrestling and pankration (a brutal combination of  boxing and wrestling) were provided to produce powerful warriors. When the children reached the age of fourteen, they were taught group fighting tactics which would allow them to succeed while in the military from the ages of twenty to thirty.Girls did not live in public military  barracks like the boys, but they participated in discuss, gymnastics, horse riding,  javelin, swimming, running, and wrestling at separate training grounds. The objective for women’s physical education was to enable them to produce healthy and strong potential warriors. At the age of thirty, the men could then marry women who were fit and healthy so that they could make strong babies, therefore future warriors. ATHENS For the Athenian -The motto for education was â€Å"a sound mind in a sound body† (mens sana in corpore sano) Athens was quite different compared to the Sparta.The Athenian culture was a very much more freethinking and democratic society specially noted for its art, literature, philosophy as well as its political system. There were citizens, foreign settlers and slaves but only the citizens were provided with educational opportunities. When compared to Sparta, education was very different in Athens. Women had no physical education compared to Sparta. They put much more emphasis toward intellectual quest. Their objective was similar to Sparta that is preparing male warriors.Athenian education was a balance between music (including poetry) and gymnastics which enveloped a range of physical activities. Physical education was provided to the students with a series of graded activities at the Palestra, which consisted of an indoor facility for gymnastics, and to an outdoor space for boxing, discus, javelin, running, jumping, pankration, pentathlon and wrestling. Many of these athletic events were part of the four great sport and rel igious festivals which consisted of the Olympic, Isthmian, Pythian and Nemean Games.These games started as simple athletic contests dedicated to Greek gods, but the Olympic Games, in particular, over 1000 years, became increasingly complex encompassing events for boys and men in running over different distances, pentathlon, wrestling, races in armour, chariot races, and pankration. As of education more broadly, the clear objectives of physical education in Athens were to educate the mind and the body and to produce a well integrated person. ROMANS The political ambition of Rome incorporated physical education into a national program for the preparation of military.Therefore, similar to the Greeks, sports, games and physical recreation were meant to prepare boys and young men for military service. Physical education for the Romans was about athletics, which was entertainment above all. All Roman citizens between the ages of 17 and 60 had to be fit for the military service, so it was very important for all the citizens to maintain good physical condition and be prepared. Military training consisted of activities such as running, marching, jumping, and discus and javelin throwing. The fitness levels of the general Roman population declined as individuals became attracted to wealth and entertainment.People were forced to fight to the death, and oftentimes fed to lions. Women were not as marginalized in Rome as they were in Greek city-states. Some sporting events were organized for young women such as swimming, dancing, and light exercise was common, especially among the privileged classes. THE DARK (476-1000) AND MIDDLE AGES (900-1400) The Middle Ages saw the fall of the Roman Empire which was conquered by Barbarians from Northern Europe, whereby the lavish lifestyles of the Romans had resulted in the complete decay of the society's fitness level.There was the rise of Christianity, and the Christian’s influence brought about a denial of physical activity fo r anything other than manual labor. They viewed physical play as immoral, so they halted the Olympic Games in 394. The barbarians from Northern Europe were similar to the primitive humans. Their way of life consisted of hunting and gathering food, so physical activity and fitness were fundamentals for survival. Thus, despite the downfall of the Roman Empire, fitness experienced a revival during the Dark and Middle ages because survival during these challenging times required it. THE RENAISSANCE (1400-1600)During the Renaissance, a renewed appreciation for human life evolved creating an environment which was ready for the widespread development of physical education; revival of ancient Greek ideals throughout Europe. There were many people which included the religious leader;Martin Luther, the philosopher; John Locke, physical educators; Vittorino da Feltra, John Comenius, and Richard Mulcaster carried on that high fitness levels improved intellectual learning. But in the 1600s peopl e believed that if it did not have any specific purpose than just a waste of time. PHYSICAL EDUCATION AS FROM THE 1700SThere was a big change in physical education during the 1700’s which can be mostly accredited to three people: Jean Jacques Rousseau, Johan Simon, and Guts Muths. Rousseau was the first person to promote education for the people and he also concluded play as being educational and stressed the importance of physical education to the development of a strong body. In the mid 1700s, Johan Simon became the first physical education teacher and stressed on the fact that physical education should be taught along with reading and writing. Simon believed physical education should include a lot of physical effort.Guts Muths developed a series of gymnastic apparatuses and believed that very important social skills are developed through physical education. These people of that time and the things they did began to pave the road to where we are today. In 19th-century, the first indoor gymnasium was built in Germany and some countries such as Europe, Sweden and Germany developed systems of gymnastics that were adopted internationally. A gymnasium was also build in Finland where exercise was for the first time seen as a way to achieve physical treatment. In connection to exercise, students started to study anatomy and physiology.Denmark was among the first countries to require physical education in schools. By the 1820s, some American schools offered gymnasium and physical education. The physical education included the development and care of the body, and training in hygiene, callisthenic exercises, gymnastics, and the performance and management of athletic games. CONCLUSION Physical education has a cultural heritage and background which started at the dawn of civilization. Primitive human being had to be very active and physically to survive. Farming began in its primitive form and made people have more physical activity from only working in the fiel ds.People fitness levels changed here and the also began seeing a more sedentary lifestyle. Ancient Greek culture depended upon preparing its young men for war. Training for battle was not an option, but a prerequisite. Ancient physical education programs concentrated exclusively on activities that trained soldiers. The significance of physical education no longer concentrates solely on training soldiers for battle and ancient athletes for victories but for the wholesome development of a person. It began in ancient Greece and made its way around the world. REFERENCES S. E. Smith. (). What was the Neolithic Period?. Available: http://www. isegeek. com/what-was-the-neolithic-period. htm. Last accessed: 30th Oct 2012. Charles A. Bucher. (1983). Historical foundations of physical education and sport. In: Nancy K. Roberson Foundations of physical education and sport. US: The C. V. Mosby Company. P133-155. http://www. cals. ncsu. edu/agexed/aee501/rousseau. html http://prezi. com/ieokiwmd e3ni/history-of-physical-education/ Howel et al. 1994. History Of Sport And Physical Education. In: Foundations of Physical Education,pp. 17-117 A. Bruce Frederick. (). Gymnastics. Available: http://www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/250277/gymnastics#ref700589. Last accessed: 01st nov 2012. History of Physical Education Brief History of Physical Education A brief history of physical education in the United States would kick off in the nineteenth century. There was growing popularity of formal physical education programs all across Europe where calisthenics and gymnastics were all the rage. American schools looked to follow the European model by incorporating physical education into the curriculum for primary and secondary schools. And a brief history of physical education would not be complete with a consideration of institutes of higher education that gradually built up extremely successful sports programs.How it began The brief history of physical education would start in just about 1820 when schools focused on gymnastics, hygiene training and care and development of the human body. By the year 1950, over 400 institutes had introduced majors in physical education. The Young Men's Christian Association launched its very first chapter in 1851 and focused on physical activities. Colleges were encoura ged to focus on intramural sports particularly track, field and football.But physical education became a formal requirement following the civil war when many states opted to pass laws that required schools to incorporate a substantial physical education component into their curriculums. But it was not till 1970 that an amendment was made to the Federal Education Act that allowed women from high school and college to compete in athletic competitions. Sex-based discrimination was completely outlawed from government funded programs at this point. THE HISTORY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND ADAPTED PHYSICAL ACTIVITY IN GREECEIn Greece the latest years special education has followed the same progression as in any other country in Europe but in a very slow pace. Specifically, Special Education services were available to Greek children since the beginning of the 20th century, adapted Physical Education was introduced the last two decades. After the first half of the century various associations developed intense activity with the aim to protect specific groups of people with special needs such as, the blind, the deaf and motionaly disabled.The initiative had clearly charitable characteristics with pity as the main feeling. The state welfare was non-existent every kind of care and prevention was accorded to the authorization of the charitable organization that with full power decided during the course of the years about the life and the future of thousands of people with special needs. The offers of the individuals had the form of institutional care (enclosed protection) with the offer of basic knowledge.The interest of private initiative led to the introduction of various institutional units and schools; firstly in the area of Attica and then in other cities of Greece. Some of the first institutions, which were created, was the â€Å"house of the blind† in 1906, the â€Å"house of the deaf and dump† in 1923, and the â€Å"Hellenic organization for the protec tion and rehabilitation of disabled children†. In 1937 much late there were more branches created such as the â€Å"national institution for the protection of the deaf and dump† in 1937, the â€Å"lighthouse of the blind† in 1946, the â€Å" school of the blind in North Greece† in 1948 etc.These institutions housed a great number of children but the role of the individuals was not only always a charitable one. However, the private sector helped in its way the state preparation so as to take up later the responsibility and interfere institutionally. The first state interferences began in 50’s and concerned mainly legislation arrangements for the blind and after for the motionaly disabled. The state however was interested in the group of the mentally retarded children and later in the motionaly disabled, which the private agents had completely ignored.The first school, which was founded by the state for the mentally retarded children, was the â€Å" original special school of Athens† in 1937. Many people considerthe state interference in the space of special education during the 30’s non-occasional. The considerable evolutions of pedagogical and psychology sciences, the establishment of obligatory attendance for all the children and the great number of mentally retarded children comparatively with other groups of â€Å" inferior individuals† was a reality which the Greek state could not ignore.From the mid of 50’s the 70’s the developments in special education came again from the wide activity of the private sector while the state followed with mainly legislation inferences and the well known sympathy towards the people with special needs. So, during this period educational units were founded and â€Å"deaf and dumb† schools in various areas of Greece and units for motionaly-disabled people. Another offer of the private sector was the foundation of children’s neuropsychiatry clini cs and schools for the group of â€Å"marginal adults† and â€Å" mentally retarded children†.The exemplification of the Greek state and the educational policy of the western countries begins in the mid of the 70’s approximately. Specifically towards the end of the 70’s measures were promoted for the professional rehabilitation of the disabled by giving motives to employers for the employment of these people. Since 1980 and then special classes for the children with, learning difficulties and slight mental retardment began to be estamplished.The Greek state in the 80’s seems to desire to participate actively with the other social factors in an attempt of reorganization of the philosophy and pre-existent structure concerning the people with special needs, which imposed their life and social back round. Precisely, emphasis was given in the whole development and the development of the potential of the people with special needs, their introduction in t he productive procedure and their mutual acceptance in the social group.Today, thousands of individuals with disabilities are introduced to sports in various settings such as schools or in sports clubs in both segregated and integrated settings by a variety of national and international organizations. The momentum for such change is contributed to several reasons: †¢ One of the most important reason is the introduction and approval of a new law, which mandates not only free public education for all children, but most important integration of children with disabilities in schools settings.This law is consideredas a springboard for the recognition for all children’s rights to participate in physical education activities. †¢ A second reason, is beginning of 90’s the implementation of the program â€Å"Sports for All†, which is organized by the General Secretariat of Sports and implemented with the support of different municipalities within Greece. †¢ A third reason, is the mandatory exposure of all students of physical education in adapted physical activity course work during their core university studies.In this way they have the opportunity not only to be introduced, but also to become specialized later on this subject. This has considerably affected their attitude to teach integrated sports. †¢ A fourth reason is the organization of the Paralympic Games of 2004, which is considered one of the largest events in the world. Due to the magnitude of this event, Greece started to evaluate the current status of the movement for sports for the disabled people, as well as, begin to take important actions towards the best organization of the games.