Herpes Simplex Virus Antiviral Drug Resistance

herpes Simplex Virus Antiviral Drug ResistanceOmer BaskanThe increasing medicine unsusceptibility of the herpes simplex computer computer virusAbstr interpretHerpes simplex transmittances re main(prenominal) very common worldwide, the development of in the raw manipulations is of vital importance, grouchyly for the severely immunocompromised individuals due to the increasing emergence of HSV wicked draw outs universe reported. The standard treatment for HSV still remains gameyly impelling, still in that respect is an ever increasing risk that drug disgusting HSV bequeath buy the farm more than prevalent due to the reliance on a special meeting of drugs acyclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir. This examine aims to address the failure of previous studies conducted, which include the center on on treating acyclovir resistant HSV with foscarnet and cidofovir but not aiming to discover new compounds which might be mapd to treat HSV instead. A valuable microbe for n ew treatments is the abundance of natural compounds which exhibit antiviral properties. Several washbowldidates be addressed and discussed in this review.IntroductionA outstanding family of desoxyribonucleic acid vir spends comm that known as herpesviridae is mostly known for ca development diseases in creation as well as animals. The closely prevalent forms of the virus family argon known as HSV-1, herpes simplex 2, Varicella zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus and Cytomegalovirus. All phoebe bird mentioned members of the herpesvirus family (herpesviridae) be known to infect humans (Sandri-Goldin, 2006), in total in that location 8 herpesviruses which send away infect humans, these include human herpesvirus 6 and 7, and finally Kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (Carter Saunders, 2013). So far there ar more than one hund rosy thirty herpesviruses which bottomland affect a range of animals (Brown Newcomb, 2011). Herpesviruses are latent thuslyce they can rema in in close to people un come acrossed, as the virus establishes itself in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system (Stevens, 1975). It is reported that more than 90% of adults consider been infected with the aforementioned species of the virus (Chayavichitsilp et al., 2009).Once an HSV transmittal occurs it will establish latency and can then multiply in large chassiss as it has been reactivated, this then al paltrys for the infection of a new host. In people who down a competent immune system the infection can be both(prenominal)(prenominal) painful and distressing but most importantly it is seldom life threatening. As a result the risks associated with herpes simplex are underestimated by people. nevertheless individuals with a HSV infection who besides happen to take away an damage immune system can grant life threatening symptoms which can result in death (Severson Tyring, 1999). The like treatment of choice is the use of acyclovir (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003) bu t due to its far-flung use it has led to the climb of HSV strains which are resistant to acyclovir (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). insubordinate strains were premier(prenominal) reported in 1982 (Sibrack et al., 1982). at that placefore, surveys were conducted which testifyed that there was a recurring low incidence rate of acyclovir resistant strains among immunocompetent patients which was 0.6% (Englund et al., 1990). However among patients who possess an impaired immune system the acyclovir resistant strains which were recovered showed a frequency ranging from 3 to 6%, this figure then reaches 14% among patients who have sure a hit the books marrow transplant (Englund et al., 1990).This review aims to deal with the features attributed with the emanation of acyclovir resistant HSV as well as the epidemiological features. Whilst addressing the rigour of the emerging drug metro strains of HSV and its impact on immunocompromised patients. This review will as well aim to highlig ht potential natural compounds which are new candidates for the development of new antivirals to combat HSV, as well as many compounds which should have further investigation into its antiviral properties.EpidemiologyIt is rare for safeguard to ACV to occur in immunocompetent patients but there have been reports that described that there is a below 1% occurrence of ACV resistance in the creation (Nugier et al., 1992). Most acyclovir resistant HSV isolated from patients with competent immune systems have been detected because of repeatedly having genital herpes. The observed occurrence ranged from 3.5 to 8.6% (Fife et al., 1994). In most cases the course of antivirals remained unchanged, there was only three cases of genital herpes were use of acyclovir was unsuccessful due to HSV being resistant to acyclovir (Mouly et al., 1995).acyclovir resistant among certain HSV infections is about 5% (Christophers et al., 1998), this is only among immunocompromised patients who are most at ri sk of contracting an acyclovir resistant HSV. Infections ca utilise by HSV among beat marrow transplant patients shows that patients that have received a bone marrow of either autologous or allogeneic origin have the uniform risk of maturation an HSV infection. Resistance to acyclovir was detected only among allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients, this led to the discovery of the prevalence of resistance range 30% in patients who have had an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (Morfin et al., 2004).HSV strains that have been isolated from 3000 patients have been well-tried and have shown that half(a) of them were immunocompetent whereas the other half had a immunocompromised system (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). The resistance of acyclovir was 0.3% among immunocompetent and 4% among immunocompromised (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). Concerning the certain type of immunosuppression array, the resistance has been detected as 2.8% among solid harmonium transplant patients, 3.5% among H IV infected patients and at 29% for allogeneic transplant patients (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). These results show that the prevalence of acyclovir resistant HSV was stable in 2003 compared to previous studies make more than 10 years ago. This level of stability is same for both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. As suggested by previous studies, resistance to acyclovir is a major concern for allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients.Mechanism of resistanceNucleoside analogues make up the majority of antiherpetic drugs in clinical use (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). acyclovir is a guanosine analogue, as is penciclovir. Cidofovir is a phosphonate molecule which is derived from cytidine and foscarnet has a very divers(prenominal) structure, as it is analogous to a pyrophosphate.The mechanism of process for acyclovir and penciclovir involve two viral enzymes. These are thymidine kinase which is for the first phosphorylation of the activation step and DNA polymerase, which is used as a rear end for the triphosphate form. Only two phosphorylations are needed for cidofovir for it to obtain the active diphosphate molecule, with both being performed by cellular kinases. Foscarnet only acts directly on the viral DNA polymerase (Figure 1 De Clercq et al., 2001).thither are three mechanisms which are snarled in HSV resistance to acyclovir an qualifying of thymidine kinase internality specificity, an alteration of DNA polymerase occupation and a loss of thymidine kinase activity (Larder et al., 1983). The viral gene encoding for thymidine kinase can have a renewing occur within them resulting in 95% of acyclovir resistance isolates presenting a thymidine kinase deficient phenotype (Hill et al., 1991). Recovery of thymidine kinase deficient, modify and positive virus in a exclusive isolate can lead to a detection of resistance of unvaccinated viruses (Nugier et al., 1992).These renewings that can cause resistance, occur ad libitum during viral reappear ance therefore viruses which are resistant can then be selected for antiviral treatment. Functional DNA polymerase is required for viral restoration but not for thymidine kinase. wherefore, there is a higher probability of a viable acyclovir resistant virus being caused by a mutation in the thymidine kinase gene, than by a mutation which occurs in the DNA polymerase.Viral pathogenesis of mutant viruses depends on the resistance phenotype. However to DNA polymerase and thymidine kinase altered mutants, thymidine kinase deficient HSV is known to be impaired for pathogenesis in animal sticks (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). Therefore they fail to reactivate from a latent form in explanted tissue ganglia (Kosz-Vnenchak et al., 1990). Thymidine kinase activity is not involved in the formation of latent infections but it is required for the virus to reactivate from latency (Efstathiou et al., 1989). After isolation of resistant HSV, the reactivations tend to be associated with the original , thymidine kinase positive and acyclovir sensitive strain (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). Although, there are few reports checking reactivations due to the acyclovir resistant virus associated with the thymidine kinase altered virus (Kost et al., 1993) or thymidine kinase deficient virus (Morfin et al., 2000).Management of HSV infections with acyclovir resistanceIn place to manage an HSV infection which is resistant to acyclovir we currently have to use some(prenominal) antiviral drugs. Many of the acyclovir resistant HSV isolates tend to be resistant to penciclovir but this occurs rarely. Some isolates can be resistant to acyclovir but still be susceptible to penciclovir as there have been reported cases mechanisms of resistance to acyclovir of these particular strains was most likely an altered thymidine kinase protein (Sutton Boyd, 1993) or it could have been that a mutation occurred in the viral DNA polymerase (Suzutani et al., 2003). The thymidine kinase protein allows for acycl ovir to croak active but only in cells which are infected with HSV (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). Cidofovir and foscanet act directly on the viral DNA polymerase without the need of activation by viral thymidine kinase. The molecules cidofovir and foscarnet are both active on the HSV which is resistant to acyclovir, this is due to a mutation in the thymidine kinase gene (Blot et al., 2000), however in clinical practice the molecules cidofovir and foscarnet are associated with high levels of toxicity. Managing a acyclovir resistant HSV infection can be further improved by decreasing immunosuppressive treatments for the patient (Collins Oliver, 1986).In vitro detection of resistanceIn vitro evaluation of HSV susceptibility to antiviral drugs is based on the determination of viral proceeds inhibition in the presence of increasing concentrations of antiviral drugs. There are three techniques which are available to reveal viral replication plaque reduction assay which is the reference tec hnique, dye uptake manner (Langlois et al., 1986) and DNA hybridisation test (Swierkosz et al., 1987). The dye uptake method and DNA hybridisation test are known to be less magazine consuming as the reading cytopathic effect is automatable (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). The concentration of antiviral drugs can be determined by the three techniques mentioned which can lead to viral replication inhibition by 50% (inhibitory concentration 50%, IC50). To sort out between the resistant strains, IC50 thresholds must be defined for every single virus and antiviral drug set. The values are determined using the mean value obtained for susceptible viruses. These thresholds are arbitrary and the detection of resistance is coming from the evolution of IC50 values of sequential isolates from a patient. There has been a development of several screening techniques using a limited second of viral dilutions and antiviral drug concentrations (Danve et al., 2002).The phenotypic methods all require isol ation of viral strains on the cell cultures. This is meter consuming and can retard the adaptation of antiviral treatment according to in vitro susceptibility (Danve et al., 2002). Therefore genotypic tests are being developed in order to detect the resistant virus strains at a much shorter time embarrass (Morfin Thouvenot, 2003). The viral genes which are used to encode thymidine kinase and DNA polymerase are amplified by PCR and the merchandises then produced by PCR can be then sequenced. The main area of concern lies in the fact that many nucleotide substitutions can be found and they must then be identified as the mutations which are responsible for resistance. This interpretation will made easier as more results on mutations detected in the resistant isolates are then still for future comparison and analysis.Natural products with anti-herpes simplex virus activityA phenolic compound known as Caffeic acid which is shown below, is an rough-and-ready substance in Plantago m ajor (Figure 2 Bourne et al., 1999). It has been shown to exhibit healthful activity against HSV-1 but fall downd activity against HSV-2 (Mundinger Efferth, 2008). bring down the number of hydroxyl groups from the phenolic compound has also shown to reduce activity against HSV-1 (Chiang et al., 2002).Curcumin (Figure 3A) which is shown below is another phenolic compound and is mainly present in the spice turmeric and was found to inhibit genes of HSV-1 by an unknown mechanism (Mundinger Efferth, 2008). It has also been previously shown that curcumin is slightly active against HSV-2 in vitro. An in vivo assay with the use of a mouse modeling of intravaginal HSV-2 infections showed that curcumin can provide strong protection (Mundinger Efferth, 2008). In a further experiment cineole (Figure 3B), exhibited very similar results to curcumin, whilst eugenol (Figure 3C) provided results in the mouse model which showed the most promise (Mundinger Efferth, 2008).This study was then repeated but this time with the use of ginzo pigs to represent the course of HSV-2 infection. The use of guinea pigs allowed for a more accurate representation of the infection that could occur in humans. The results showed that eugenol was again highly effective (Mundinger Efferth, 2008). The use of eugenol resulted in fewer animals developing primary infections. Benencia and Courreges have confirmed the effectiveness of eugenol at preventing virus replication (Benencia Courrges, 2000). Therefore, it was suggested that eugenol may damage the envelope proteins of the newly-synthesised virus particles (Serkedjieva Manolova, 1992).In the animal models, it was shown that capsaicin was effective against HSV. Although, it was noxious when it was applied to the mucous membranes and also caused an unpleasant burning sensation. Consequently, civamide (Figure 4) was tested in animal models as it is less noxious. When civamide was administered prior to the virus challenge it was shown t o reduce primary infections, it was also to shown to reduce the effect of the infection subsequently the virus challenge (Mundinger Efferth, 2008). Civamide was also shown to reduce the latent infection recurrence but only when it was used as a weekly treatment for suppressive maintenance therapy (Bourne et al., 1999).Propolis has long been seen as a natural product for antiviral treatments. Nine flavonoids were identified from propolis which were tested for their level of effectiveness against HSV (Amoros et al., 1992). From the group of substances which were tested, galangin and kaempferol (Figure 5) were shown to have the highest anti-HSV in vitro activity (Lyu et al., 2005).A monoterpene which is found in several essential oils named isoborneol (Figure 5), was found to exhibit interesting anti-HSV activity which warranted further investigation. The tests showed that isoborneol was speedily able to inactivate HSV with a 30 minute period of exposure, and it was also completely able to inhibit viral replication at very low concentrations. The presence of isoborneol allowed for the glycosylation of certain viral polypeptides to be inhibited, whilst the glycosylation of cellular proteins remained unchanged. Glycosylation was chemical formula in the presence of isoborneol when copies of the viral proteins were introduced into the cellular genome (Armaka et al., 1999). These results seemingly indicate that isoborneol may be a promising new candidate for HSV treatment.Several sulphated polysaccharides have shown to possess anti-HSV activity, and many carrageenans which are mainly found in red seaweed have been shown to be active against HSV infections. In models of intravaginal HSV-2 infection, mice were shown to exhibit significant signs of protection against HSV infections (Bourne et al., 1999 Talarico et al., 2004), and they were also protected from infection in the abdominal colliery when carrageenan was administered after infection (Pujol et al., 2006).C onclusionInfections of HSV have a high occurrence globally therefore the number of infections is not expected to decrease significantly over the next couple of years. Due to the increasing number of immunocompromised patients and prolonged period of standardised treatment this can only exacerbate the problems caused by drug resistant HSV.The increasing use of acyclovir as the immediate antiviral drug of use to treat an HSV infection has increased the fear of the increasing numbers of acyclovir resistant infections, notably in prophylaxis treatments among transplant patients. However, studies that have been conducted have shown that acyclovir resistant HSV is largely a concern for severely immunocompromised patients, such as those patients who have received a bone marrow from an allogeneic origin. When an acyclovir resistant strain of HSV arises it is best to manage the infection with other antiviral drugs which have different mechanisms of action, the most useful two to use would be foscarnet or cidofovir.There is an urgent need for new treatment options to be developed as current treatment options do remain limited. There is the main use of acyclovir and then the subsequent use of foscarnet or cidofovir which is only used if acyclovir resistance is present. This shows that there is a limited amount of effective treatments available. Therefore, new treatments must be made available in order to avoid any future HSV epidemics.The antiviral potential of the natural products indicates that there is still a wide range of compounds which could be useful in the battle against drug resistant HSV, mainly HSV which is resistant to acyclovir as it is the main major concern moving forward. Therefore, it is highly advised that question in this area continues so that an even larger amount of compounds can be identified in order to combat drug resistant HSV.

Big Data: Map Reduce Based Outlier Identification for Fraud

hulking Data Map Reduce Based Outlier Identification for inventionBig Data Fast, Parallel Map Reduce ground outlier realisation for taradiddle and irreverence sleuthingPooja Vijay Pawar Ann Marie JoyAbstract wholeness of the virtually challenging aspect of Big Data analytics is real time observe of info. Larger and galacticr amount of info is creation collected and stored on a daily creation, thus increase the compulsion for quick, effective and businesslike way of analysing the info in determining potential malicious selective information. in either episode cyberspace security threats ar increasing at an alarming array and atomic sum up 18 becoming increasingly sophisticated and difficult to detect. Web profession founderd by non-human activities such as botnets or worms consume network resources, deceive people and affect network security. Most of the existing work in Fraud espial/Intrusion staining regard beingness an outlier as a binary property . In this paper we use a congeneric minginess establish approach utilize as a MapReduce job, which forms a sense of degree of a selective information sharpen being an outlier this is much meaningful and similarly conk out immune to false positives.KeywordsBig Data, Fraud spotting, Intrusion Detection, Hadoop, Outlier, Cluster, Security, Relative compactness, LOF1. IntroductionWe atomic number 18 currently living in a world where we be surrounded and ruled by data. Continuously, exp singlentially huge amounts of data is collected, stored, processed and made available in a variety of forms e truly day. Recently, Network Intrusion and Fraud catching has stock annexd attention with regard to network security, brinyly delinquent to this.Big Data is drasti environy changing the way in which we detect artifice and intrusion in real time utilise advanced analytic solutions that be precise powerful, complex and fast. In this paper, we propose a methodological analysi s to detect Fraudulent Web occupation and Intrusion in a network using MapReduce-based outlier maculation. These features help in filtering out clients that generate sub shape traffic and specifically show dissimilar levels of potential anomalous traffic for distributively suspicious client. The spy abnormal web traffic stack be visualized easily and this method exhaustively deal be implemented for gravid net works and atomic number 50 be scaled harmonisely.Outlier sack be define as a data which is very distinct from the an pause(prenominal) data of the aforesaid(prenominal) dataset, based on some blank space measure. Outlier detection, being a signifi female genitalst data mining problem has engendered a lot of enquiry involution in the recent past. As a result, divers(a) methods for outlier detection devote been developed particularly for dealing with numerical data. However, outlier detection for monotone data still remains an unexplored field. Addressing th is requirement, we propose a two-phase algorithmic rule for detecting outliers in two-dimensional data based on a novel definition of outliers. This algorithm initially explores a clustering of the effrontery data which is fol mooed by the ranking phase for determining the set of some likely outliers. The proposed methodology is expected to show better results as it backside identify antithetical fictional characters of outliers, using independent ranking scheme based on the inherent clustering anatomical structure of the granted data.Hadoop is a very prevalent open source Apache project, which is apply for storing and processing huge saturation of data on commodity hardw ar. Hadoop package primarily consists of MapReduce Engine and Hadoop deposit system. Many Frameworks gravel been built on top of Hadoop. Using the distributed computer architecture of Hadoop in this paper we discuss how we can pink it for identifying outliers in seizured network data.2. Related Work thither has been lot of explore and number of proficiencys which start out been developed in the past two decades with adore to fraud detection and Intrusion Detection. Lot of machine get h superannuated ofing proficiencys such as unquiet Networks, Markov model, K Ne atomic number 18st Neighbour earn drawn special attention. In this paper we use unsupervised Machine Learning techniques to identify duplicitous proceeding using Hadoop.Most current practices to the process of detecting intrusions exploit some form of rule-based study. Rule-based analysis depend on sets of predefined rules that ar tack by an administrator and be automatically make believed by the system. The use of machine-driven system techniques in intrusion detection mechanisms was a significant milepost in the development of effective and practical detection based tuition security systems. Rule-based systems suffer from an incompetence to detect attacks situations that may fall out everywhere an exte nded duration of time.However close to significant reach of anxious networks in intrusion detection is the capability of the neural network to learn the characteristics of abnormal attacks and recognize patterns that are unlike any which have been detected before by the network.Majority of studies that proposed Hidden Markov Model to implement IDS are cogitate to host-based systems, i.e., IDS that analyses the action at laws performed on a single host to detect attempts of intrusion.3. Outlier Detection algorithmsOutliers can be detected using various polar techniques. near of the techniques are discussed under3.1 Distance-based and flock ApproachesDistance-based methods do not make conventions for the data since they basically compute the blank surrounded by each power point. For example, Knorr et al. Proposed a k-NN technique where, if m of the k close neighbours of a point are within a specific distance d, then the point can be buildified as normal. Knorr et al. points as an outlier if at least p% of the points in the dataset lie much(prenominal) than distance 10 d from it. These methods show eminent computational complexity (e.g. nearest neighbour based methods have quadratic equation complexity with respect to the number of data points) which renders them impractical for really large datasets. Several approaches may be engaged to make the k-NN queries faster (to fulfill withdrawar or logarithmic time), such as an indexing structure (e.g. KD-tree, or X-tree) however these structures have been sh birth to break d accept as the dimensionality fathers.Clustering can be defined as the task of grouping a set of physical marks in such a way that objects in the same group share some feature similarity among each separate than to those in other groups. Clustering is one of the very popular techniques currently being used in outlier detection.Any object that has weak membership to the cluster it be massives to is a potential outlier. I f in that location are any petty clusters from other clusters, then the smaller cluster could potentially be an outlier. For instance there could be many different kinds of fraudulent transactions which readiness have full(prenominal)er(prenominal)(prenominal) similarity among themselves and form a cluster.There are additional problems with clustering. Clustering algorithms are optimized to find clusters instead than outliers. Hence, sometimes it may be hard to tell whether a cluster belongs to fraudulent transactions or some saucy emergent secureing behaviour of a legitimate user. Hence before making a final call we must perform additional analysis.3.2 Statistical diffusionStatistical outlier detection was one of the most basic approaches dating back to the 19th century. variable statistical methods have been proposed, together with use of robust outliers estimates of the 2-dimensional statistical distribution parameters, e.g. minimum covariance 9 determinant (MCD) and minimum volume ellipsoidal (MVE). hotshot critical problem of statistical-based methods is the suitable model for each dataset and application. alike, as data rises in dimensionality, it becomes ever to a greater extent perplexing to estimate the four-dimensional distribution. As the data increases in dimensionality, data ranges finished a larger volume and becomes sparse. In addition to the reduction this has on performance, it besides spreads the lentiform hull, thus altering the data distribution. This can be change by pre selecting the most noteworthy features to work, projecting to a reject-dimensional subspace, or applying Principal portion Analysis (PCA). Another methodology to deal with utmoster dimensionalities is to organize data points in convex hull layers according to their peeling depth, based on the idea that outliers are data objects with a shallow depth tactual sensation upon. figure of speech 1In this approach one main assumption is that data objects follows a certain distribution (E.g. Gaussian) and normal data objects occur in a spunky up probability region of this model.Fig.1 shows an example where there is high concentration of data points lying in the normal region which associates to normal data points the mini distributions on both sides of the normal distributions are executable outliers. As shown in Fig.1 outliers give deviate powerfully from this distribution.There are lot of issues with this technique too, main being the curse of dimensionality, other being lack of robustness. This is because Mean and standard deviation are very rude(a) to outliers.3.3 Density Based approachIn this technique we compare the closeness nearly a data point with the density around its topical anesthetic neighbours. The computed density is called an outlier score. The main assumption here is that the density around a normal data point is almost similar to the density around its topical anaesthetic neighbours. Here Density/Outlier score means that some clusters are obtusely packed and some others are not. Mathematically, it is defined as the reverse of the average distance to the k nearest neighbours. humbleder density of a data point signifies that the probability of it being an outlier is very high. There have been many variants of Density based approaches suggested in the past few decades, bulk of which deal with decreasing the computational time complexity. In Fig.2 the points which are densely packed, appearing yellow indicate normal data points, the ones which are away(p) from the cluster are outliers, assertable candidates for malicious data. In this paper, we use this technique to settle down possible candidates for outliers.4. ExperimentFor our experiment we used KDD Cup 1999 ready reckoner network intrusion detection dataset for testing and evaluating our approach. We used Relative Density 3 based approach for our system. Which involved 4 Map Reduce Tasks. The algorithmic programs works as fol lowsComputing K-NN 3We begin with the notion of K-Nearest Neighbour of object p. translation K-Nearest Neighbour of object pFor any positive integer k, the k-distance of object p, denoted as k-distance (p), is defined as the distance d(p,o) between p and an object o D such that(i) For at least k objects oDp it holds that d(p,o) d(p,o), and (ii) For at most k-1 objects oDp it holds that d(p,o) .Given the k-distance of p, the k-distance neighbourhood of p contains every object whose distance from p is not greater than the k-distance, i.e.Nk-distance (p) (p) = q Dp d(p, q) k- distance(p) These objects q are called the k-nearest neighbours of p.We use 2 MapReduce tasks, one to compute the pairwise distance between data points as explained preceding(prenominal) and other to compute the density of the data point. The density of a data point is simply the inverse of the average distance to the k nearest neighbours.Finding all the neighbourhood group the data points are associated wi th and everywherely give them grotesque idWe define one more term reachability distance of an object p w.r.t the data point o to determine the neighbourhood.definition Reachability distance of an object p w.r.t. object orLet k be a natural number. The reachability distance of object p with respect to object o is defined asreach-distk(p, o) = max k-distance(o), d(p, o) .The high the observe of k, the more similar the reachability distances for objects within the same neighbourhood.We use the same MapReduce cast as before with slightly different conformation to identify the neighbourhood. at one time neighbourhood are identified they are given a unique ID.Using previous results, create a mapping between data point and its density.In a typical density-based clustering algorithm, there are two parameters that define the notion of density(i) a parameter MinPts specifying a minimum number of objects(ii) a parameter specifying a volume.These two parameters determine a density thres hold for the clustering algorithms to operate. That is, objects or regions are connected if their neighbourhood densities exceed the given density threshold. To detect density based outliers, however, it is necessary to compare the densities of different sets of objects, which means that we have to determine the density of sets of objects dynamically. Therefore, we keep MinPts as the only parameter and use the values reach-distMinPts(p, o), for o NMinPts(p), as a measure of the volume to determine the density in the neighbourhood of an object p.Definition Density of an object plrdMinPts(p) = 1/Intuitively, the local reachability density of an object p is the inverse of the average reachability distance based on the MinPts- nearest neighbours of p. Note that the local density can be if all the reachability distances in the summation are 0. This may occur for an object p if there are at least MinPts objects, different from p, but sharing the same spatial coordinates, i.e. if there are at least MinPts duplicates of p in the dataset. For simplicity, we impart not handle this case explicitly but simply assume that there are no duplicates.Hence in our MapReduce implementation, source we sort the data points based on density data and the neighbourhood, such that in the input for the reducer, we get first value as density, and the subsequent values are the neighbourhood ids. ascertain the Relative Density or LOF (Local Outlier Factor)Results from the previous step is then used in another MapReduce task to compute the relative density or also called as Local Outlier Factor (LOF).DefinitionLOFMinPts(p) = The outlier factor of object p captures the degree to which we call p an outlier. It is the average of the ratio of the local reachability density of p and those of ps MinPts-nearest neighbours. It is light-headed to see that the lower ps local reachability density is, and the higher the local reachability densities of ps MinPts-nearest neighbours are, the higher is the LOF value of p. In the succeeding(a) section, the formal properties of LOF are made precise. To alter notation, we drop the subscript MinPts from reach-dist, lrd and LOF, if no confusion arises.Finally, Data Points which have low relative Density or LOF are determined as possible candidates for outliers.5. ConclusionExisting Intrusion detection system are in nascent stage in handling extremely large traffic and the data transfers in large Networks. MapReduce Framework can handle large amount of data quickly and cost-efficiently. Thus our proposed methodology for Outlier detection using Relative Density based approach not only can handle large amount of data but also scales easily. In near future full of MapReduce based IDS inescapably to developed and evaluated. We also plan to explore multiple branchifier system compared to single classifier to get improved results.6. Ack at one timel advancementThis work is supported by CSE Department, PES Institute of Technology.7. 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Sch, FL Secretan, J., Reeder, J., Cardona, K., Georgiopoulos, M.Fast parallel outlier detection for categorical datasets using MapReduce. 9 Ganesh Ananthanarayanan, Srikant h Kandula, Albert Greenberg, Ion Stoica, Yi Lu, Bikas Saha, Edward Harris . Reining in the Outliers in Map-Reduce Clusters using Mantri. 10 H. Gunes Kayack, A. Nur Zincir-Heywood, Malcolm I. Heywood. Selecting Features for Intrusion DetectionA Feature Relevance Analysis on KDD 99 Intrusion Detection Datasets. 12 E. Eskin, A. Arnold, M. Prerau, L. Portnoy, S. Stolfo, A geometric framework for unsupervised anomaly detection Detecting intrusions in unlabeled data, in Applications of Data minelaying in Computer Security, Chapter 4, D. Barbara and S. Jajodia (editors), Kluwer. 13 Q. He, F.Z. Zhuang, J.C. Li, Z.Z. Shi. Parallel implementation of classification algorithms based on mapreduce. transnational Conference on Rough Set and Knowledge Technology. 15Koufakou, A., Ortiz, E., Georgiopoulos, M., Anagnostopoulos, G., Reynolds, K., A climbable and Efficient Outlier Detection Strategy for Categorical Data, Intl Conference on Tools with slushy Intelligence ICTAI, October, 2007. 16 Big Data Analytics for Security Intelligence, CLOUD SECURITY alliance September 2013. 17 DuMouchel W., Schonlau M. A Fast Computer Intrusion Detection Algorithm based on Hypothesis Testing of Command Transition Probabilities, Proc. quaternary Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, natural York, NY, AAAI Press, 1998, pp. 189-193. 18 Ramaswamy S., Rastogi R., Kyuseok S. Efficient Algorithms for Mining Outliers from Large Data Sets, Proc. ACM SIDMOD Int. Conf. on focussing of Data, 2000. 19 Fawcett T., Provost F. Adaptive Fraud Detection, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery Journal, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Vol. 1, No. 3, 1997, pp. 291-316. 20 Holtz, Marcelo D., Bernardo M. David, and Rafael Timteo de Sousa Jnior. Building Scalable Distributed Intrusion Detection Systems Based on the MapReduce Framework. Telecomunicacoes (Santa Rita do Sapucai) 13 (2011) 22-31. 21 DuMouchel W., Schonlau M. A Fast Computer Intrusion Detection Algorithm based on Hypothesis Testing of Comma nd Transition Probabilities, Proc. quaternate Int. Conf. on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, untested York, NY, AAAI Press, 1998, pp. 189-193.1Onida Electronics New overlap LaunchOnida Electronics New Product LaunchLAUNCHING OF A NEW PRODUCT ONIDA laptop computerSCOMPANY DESCRIPTIONONIDA is one of the largest television manufacturing companies in INDIA. It is one of the largest and rapid growing companies in the same field. Onida as a ac community was founded in 1981 as a public smart set. Its head draw in is in MUMBAI, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA. Onida deals in a type of perseverance known as electronic indus distort.Onida family started their business with electronics and then expanded their business with various gains as LCD TVS, PLASMA TVS, TELEVISIONS, DVD AND HOME THREATER SYSTEM, AIR CONDITIONERS, backwash MACHINES, MICROWAVES, PRODUCTS RELATED TO PRESENTATION, and INVERTERS AND ALSO MOBILE PHONES.Onida phoner is a most popular fault now. It has got his network as 3 3 branch offices and 208 guest intercourse centers. Also the guild is having 41 depots spread all over the country. Onida is also having a grocery capitalization of 400 crore approx. also onida electronics won an awarding as AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE IN ELECTRONICS in 1999 from MINISTRY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, presidential term OF INDIA.EXECUTIVE SUMMARYOnida is one of the largest rapid growing companies. It is one of the most successful companies in term of professionalism. The main objective is to prove case of competitive prices and client satisfaction. It is one of the objective is to show notebook PC as ensured feeling, availableness and guest satisfaction. This following merchandiseplaceing plan forms the basis for the ingress of ONIDA LAPTOPS by ONIDA COMPANY one of the famous come with in India.The analysis will allow us to follow for the doing of the follows strategic goals. ONIDA LAPTOPS will be grocery storeed to reinforce the companys status as drawing c ard in innovation and successful increase launching. This new result launching will enable us to add RS.100 crores to companys turnover with a forecasted sales evolution prospect of 10-15% over the next 5 years.And while grateful the need and designing the intersection to match individuals life-style. Success will be reflected by a sizeable capture of market shares within this market, while strategically carrying the company up to the top spot as the market leader in laptop segment. Export potentials in the market will be considered in all the western countries as USA, Russia, France, and Iraq. Nigeria, Yemen and even further elaborateness can be planed.The main aim of the company is to attract a sizeable market share of the laptop segment. Also the number of guests depending upon laptops rather than personal computers is taken financial aid off. The main aim is to treat one lakh units of laptops in the first year considering as this brand as a new brand and being expert ise in the colligate field having manufactured the crop for several brands and having also sold its own televisions.EXPECTED TURNOVERAbove chart shows the expected turnovers in crores over the coming years in turnover of onida laptops in various countries.In 2009 as the product is being launching in 2009 only so started expected turnover will be near approximately 90 lakhs. With the ceaseless supply of good flavor and good work with good client table service expected turnover will start increasing.Company is formulation to use new technology and other servicer beneficial for guests and company in terms of turnover which will help in increase the expected turnover to 150 lakhs in 2012. This proves that launching of onida laptops will be beneficial for the brass.SITUATIONAL ANALYSISONIDA notebook computer PC is a new involution line of onida. Onida television portfolio has been well received and now ONIDA NOTEBOOK PC is going to be launched for onidas continues success and future profitability. Onida as a company is famous for quality products at reasonable prices and it cleft best facilities. It will offer NOTEBOOK PC or LAPTOPS in various configuration as well as prices to satisfy every kind of customer. One issueant key to success or for the development of the product is to create product awareness and harvest-festival of customer base. merchandiseING SUMMARY market summary of onida laptops possess sufficient information nigh the market needs and customer needs, wants, desires and subscribe tos. It will also help to give right offer to right customer so that company can achieve customer satisfaction and can communicate with them in a better way. Also this lead to have some historic information well-nigh customer which will help to make customer a delightful customer. stigma MARKETThe target market of ONIDA LAPTOPS or NOTEBOOK PC is shown belowAbove shows that there is a target market of onida laptops as bodily USERSEND USERSOTHERSEnvironment al analysisMacro environmental factorsGrowing disposable income and low penetration levels would ensure greater share of wallet for the consumer industry and would help in achieving the predetermined targets. The inventions and innovations would help in shaping the industrys future. It would be necessary to catch the changing trends in consumer lifestyles and offer the right product at right time to facilitate further growth and achievement of targets. There is a need to launch a product which will give maximum customer satisfaction and satisfy there needs.micro environmental factorsThe cost would further come down with enhanced possibilities of better and easy cross border talks with suppliers worldwide and the range of offeringsWould go up. With the increase in number of players, there would be more action and the industry would feel the buzz around it and would need constant high pitch communication with the customers. Network has a satisfying influence on the perverting decisi on and the organization that would manage the channel better, would have a substantial edge over the others.Competitive StrategyOnida will try to offer more valuable offerings to the customers and would try to manage customer relationships. Onida as a company in order to be effective and in advance of competition would try to maximize benefits to the consumers. They will also react powerfully to price changes made by the competitors and organizations would look at integration on backend as well as the front ends.MARKET DEMOGRAPHICSThe profile of ONDA NOTEBOOK PC or LAPTOPS customer consists of the following GEOGRAPHIES, DEMOGRAPHICS, and BEHAVIOR FACTOR geographical FACTORSGeographical factors have been classified asONIDA NOTEBOOK will have specific domestic geographic target area. They will serve the product to domestic market.Onida will try to cover the Metropolitan area through their own distribution channel.DEMOGRAPHICAL FACTORSDemographical factors have been classified on the basis of the following attributesThere will be almost same featured notebook pc or laptop for the corporate, end users and other users.University teachers and other researchers can use it for their research work and analyzing the environment.High, Middle, Upper middle and middle class use it and reasonable pricing scheme will help to grease ones palms of these notebook pc by every potential users.BEHAVIOUR FACTORSIts a general behavior of every human that NOTEBOOK PC or LAPTOP increases the status and prestige of the user.In todays busy world there is need of a product which is available with consumer anywhere or any time and at every menses of time.Customer feel that they have a separate image and prestige by using ONIDA LAPTOPS.MARKET NEED FOR ONIDA LAPTOPSONDA LAPTOPS will provides its customers the opportunity to choose NOTEBOOKs with different configuration and varieties.These laptops will also fulfill the requirements of customers and also provide benefit as- intelligent pr icingConsumer needs a high quality product at reasonable price, for that reason ONIDA try to provide high quality product at a reasonable price. So that more and more customer can be attracted towards onida notebook pc.High qualityConsumer want high quality product, which is must be high in regard to performance. ONIDA time-tested to meet this need of consumer at its level best. Quality was the main point to be taken care of by the company as this the main motto of company.Different varietiesChoices of customer vary from person to person .So ONIDA provides different laptop with different features. And provide laptops with different configuration.Product availabilityOne of the important things to be taken care of is Customer and customer desire availability of product so that they can buy the product at any time they need.MARKET TRENDSONIDA will fix different type of laptop which not only fulfill quality aim of customer but also reasonable price. So that more and more customer wi ll purchase these laptops. Now a days NOTEBOOK PC production company is growing and more competitors are coming in the market. Now even customer are more aware about the product for that reason they want different types of product with different features and different styling features. The market for LAPTOPS with new and new technologies is growing faster, competition are increasing in these markets. Thus, ONIDA made segments for their product. They divided their customer in to three groups, and give emphasis on each of the group. So that company can capture all kind of customers in market.MARKET GROWTHGradually come in ONIDA Company is going upward with a strong competition. With the increase in domestic market, our international market growth statistics is increasing day by day. Now with the launch of new laptops with newer technology the market share of our company is going to increase further.COMPETITIVE STRATEGIESOnida will try to offer more value offerings to the customers an d would try to manage CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP. The firms in order to be effective and ahead of competition would try to maximize benefits to the consumers. Firms would react strongly to price changes made by the COMPETITORS and organizations would look at INTEGRATION on BACKEND as well as the FRONTENDS.CURRENT MARKET SITUATION OF LAPTOP MARKETMarket OverviewLuxury goods are now being comprehend as necessities as now customers are having higher disposable incomes being spent on lifestyle products. There is a discernible discharge in the consumers gustatory perception in favor of higher-end, technologically superior mark products, the demand being spurred by increasing consumer awareness and preference for new models now the modern educated customer is not confined to old technologies and old products. Now customers want to try newer products with newer technologies.Quality products with superior technology and technology up gradation have helped the industry to achieve higher growt h in terms of volume and also higher realization in value terms. Rate of growth in production has been more in terms of quantity or in volume growth rather than the growth in value terms for a number of products. This has happened because of constantly falling prices over the years due to competition among the major(ip) PLAYERS, AGGRESSIVE trade STRATEGIES AND DECLINING IMPORT TARIFFS.Competition has forced companies to offer efficient AFTER SALE SERVICE and support and this, in turn, has swayed customer preference for good brands. There are positive growth trends in expert goods segments white goods and consumer electronics during and points to sustained growth because of emerging opportunities and strong fundamentals of the economy.Because of growth in production in the organized segment and domestic availability of branded products due to lowering of import duties and other liberalmeasures, the share of uncoordinated segment has come down sharply to only 8 to 10 per cent from 40 to 50 percent. The price difference between branded and unbranded goods has narrowed down and with branded players providing good afterward(prenominal) sales services and support consumer prefers to buy branded products.The industry related to technology appears to have two clearly differentiated segments. The MNCs have an edge over their Indian counterparts in terms of technology combined with a steady flow of capital. The domestic companies compete on the basis of their well-acknowledged brands, an all-embracing distribution network and an insight into local market conditions. Competitive strategies wave around strong brand differentiation and prices.Bargaining power of customers is high due to availability of many brands. direct is Cyclical and seasonal. Demand is high generally on the basis of requirement of customers as corporate customer or end user. Demand for technology is present throughout the year. There is no preference on the basis of any special calendar month when demand for technology is more in one month than other month.Rural India which accounts for nearly 70% of the total number of households, offers plenty of stage setting and opportunities for the white goods industry. Increasing consumer awareness and preference for new models have added to the demand in rural areas also. And evolution of education had made more and more people rely on technology.Attractive consumer loan schemes with reduced interest rates over the years by the financial institutions and commercial banks and the never-never schemes have added to the surge in demand. Besides, the consumer goods companies arethemselves coming out with fascinating financing schemes to consumers through their extensive dealer network. The usage of earnings by the market functionaries has lead to intelligence sales of the products. It has helped sustain the demand bellow witnessed recently in this sector.SWOT ANALYSIS(STRENGTHS, WEAKNESSES, OPPORTUNITIES, THREATS)STRENGTHSQuality product and services. public brand name.Continuous research and developmentStrong existing distribution channel.Increased share of organized sector as compare to unorganized sector.Attractive design.Body made of silver and plastic and available in many colors.Most of the buyers are satisfied.Presence of established distribution networks in both urban and rural areas.WEAKNESSESPoor government spending in infrastructure and other related things.Lack of promotional activities by companies.Low purchasing power of consumersInsufficient capital.Legal and political barrier regarding import, revenue and shipment and other difficulties.Difficulties due to competitors.Old technologies.OPPURTUNITIESLow penetration levelsDemand of NOTEBOOK PC is increasing.Improved market portfolio.Greater demand due to changing lifestylesIncreasing sales throughout the country and internationally.Availability of easy finance.Promotional activities to increase brand image.Growing disposable income of consumer sIncreasing demand in rural sector.THREATSStrong competitorsLegal political difficulties regarding import duty, task etc.Entrance of new competitors in the market.The price of NOTEBOOK or laptops is decreasing continuously.Cheap Imports from Singapore, China and other Asian countriesHigher import duties on raw materials imposed in the Budget 2008-09.COMPETITORSOnida has established its own market. But still they have to face the competitors. Some of the major competitors of onida laptops areHP HPs NOTEBOOK is having maximum market share in capturing the market of NOTEBOOK PC in India as well as internationally. HPS notebooks are produced in China. They are holding a leading position for long time in NOTEBOOK PC in our country.ACER genus Acer is the Chinese producer of NOTEBOOK or laptops. ACER has its maximum market share of NOTEBOOK PC in Bangladesh. They have fewer shares in Indian market as compare to acre.COMPAQ Mitsubishi is Taiwan Company. COMPAQ was an automobile company in itially. Now it is producing NOTEBOOK PC also. It is now giving a strong competition to notebook or laptop market. dingle Firstly they produce televisions. But now they have enhances its business by producing NOTEBOOK PC. And DELL is now giving a strong competition in laptop market as well as technological market.MARKET handle OF ONIDAPRODUCT OFFERINGONIDA will offers different type of configuration at different price to our consumer for chooses their expected product. Following are the items-POINTS OF SUCESSStrong qualityBetter customer relationship managementBetter service practicable efficiency and integrationEffective channel managementConstant product change and product mix managementImage of brand and productDistribution channelRetention of customerMARKETING STRATEGIES merchandise strategies are helpful in creating awareness, interest and appeal from our target market. So that more and more market can be capture.Basically merchandise strategy is based on superior performance of the following areasDifferent configuration.Product quality.Delight user.MISSIONThe main mission is to provide quality and product at a competitive price. Growth in diversity and continuous contribute to the growth is being the main market challenger. Also To benefit society at large through Innovation, Quality, Productivity, Human Development and Growth, and to generate sustained surpluses, always striving for excellence, within the framework of law, and in zero point but the truth in which we base every action3.2 Marketing ObjectiveCapture the market as a market leader.To gather quantitative and qualitative leadership in the technological sector.Maintaining positive and change magnitude sales growth than the competitor.Increase the market share by market development and services.To increase product awareness and sales by convincing promotional activities.Becoming a globally recognized and prestigious company through synergistic business investment.Differentiation through in novation and choler through empowerment.Also cost through economies of scale and world class systems and procedures that bring in delight of stakeholders.FINANCIAL OBJECTIVEThe company aims to betray one lakh units of NOTEBOOKS in first year of its launching and is expecting a target turnover of Rs.100 Crores from laptop market in first year.It expects to grow at 10-15% in next tail fin years by satisfying customer needs through its offerings.They aim to make considerable cyberspace and achieve economies through backend and front end integration.And maintaining double digit each year.STP (SEGMENTATION, TARGETING, POSITIONING)SEGMENTATION OF MARKETThe company has segmented its target market on the basis of incomes and lifestyles.People who are well educated, have lifestyle as an important element and have high income can buy laptop.TARGET MARKETThe potential consumers are separated into various segments- collective User End User and others. The primary merchandising opportunity i s sell laptops to these well defined, accessible target market segments. merged User Corporate users are the users who buy the laptops for their official heading only. The MD, GM, DGM, CEO and other.Levels in offices are the main corporate users.End User End users are the users who buy the laptops for their personal use. Teachers, Students of private University, businessman etc are mainly consider as the End users.Others other then as mention above.POSITIONING IN MARKETOnida is trying to maintain its position as a NOTEBOOK company. The position will be achieved by providing quality product, competitive price, and according to consumers demand and by delighting consumers. There should be experienced managers to make awareness about the product to customer. Company is also promising to offer quality offerings and better services and make a satisfied consumer as its brand ambassador. The companys will advertise its product as the synonym of truth and providing it at a reasonable price .STRATEGIESONIDAS main primary marketing strategy is to render and firstly create customer awareness regarding the products as well as availability of product.Other marketing strategy are-Providing Total Quality Management (TQM)Customer OrientationProviding international standard productsTo increase the product line as well as length as per the expectations of the consumersCompetitive prices of product.MARKETING MIXONIDAS marketing mix is comprised of the following approaches to product, price, promotion, and place or customer service.PRODUCTo BRAND NAMEThe name of the brand is ONIDA NOTEBOOKS.o PPRDUCT CLASSIFICATIONONIDA NOTEBOOK has five types of product. These are-W125U-T3000, W3001U-T4150, W4200-T4500, W4510U, W5520Uo QUALITY OF PRODUCTONIDA is mainly popular for the maintaining of high quality of its products. Total Quality Management (TQM) is rigorously practiced here.o DESIGNAttractive Design, Color, configuration, Comfortable weight.o boxingONIDA supply the notebooks to th e users with attractive packaging. It provides special cartoon with strong handling of the NOTEBOOKs to its dealers.o SizeThe products size vary from to one product serial to other product serieso ServiceONIDA provides best after sales service and take feedback for its products.PROMOTIONo SALES PROMOTIONONIDA provide initially shot-term incentives to encourage and purchase or sale of its products. Occasionally company has intractable to give special discounted price for its products. Company also opinionated to give T-shirts, caps, bags etc. to lure the customers.o ADVERTISEMENTCompany decided to gives advertisement for ONIDA NOTEBOOK through newspaper, billboard, popular magazine, leaflets, sponsoring on game competition, internet etc.o PERSONAL SELLINGONIDA company is also deciding to sell laptops through personal selling but till now we havent arrange any kind personal selling.PRICEo advert PRICINGPricing of the product are being made on the basis of technology used in the pr oduct and depending upon the various series of onida. The various pricing of various varieties of laptops areo DISCOUNTCompany has decided to allow discount facilities to all the retailers and dealers.o Payment periodONIDA will sell NOTEBOOK on credit to its distributor and retailers and after the sale e period of 2 months can be given for making payment.PLACECHANNELSONIDA has its own distribution channel for the distribution of their products.DISTRIBUTORONIDA have own distribution channel for distributing their products.LocationONIDA covers territory areas of our country to capture the market for their products.TRANSPORTION FACILITIESONIDA has its own transportation facility for its distributors. Distributors are themselves responsible for taking the products to their showrooms.MARKETING RESEARCHOne of the important things is research work. Research is very vital for any company to know about current market position and also to predict future needs. knowledge is collected through the dealer and retailer.o Question How did you hear about our ONIDA NOTEBOOK product? note the answer and this answer can be use for the promotional activities.o Customer suggestion New feedback service and customers suggestions system to gain additional information. They want to know from the customers about- What suggestion do you want to give to company to improve our product? Why do you need a laptop and why onida laptop only?FINANCIALSIt is very important while the launching of a product to take care of the financial overview of ONIDA NOTEBOOK related to marketing activities. ONIDA address brake even analysis (BEA), sales forecast, expense forecast, and showed how this activity are link to the marketing activity.BREAK EVEN ANALYSISBreak even is a point where cost is equals to sales. The break-even analysis below shows the number of single sales, or units, that we must realize to break-even. Analysis of breakeven point is based on the cost and the sales of a company.SALES dep endSales forecast means planning or estimation of sales so that future sales can be assessed. ONIDA thinks that the sales forecast will be achieve into the five main streams W1250U-T3000, W3001U-T4150, W4200U-T4500, W4510U and W5520U. This will steadily increase the sales. As the advertising budget allows the target market forecast, the listed of all the potential customers get divided into separate groups. The forecasted customers group divided into various categories Corporate Users, End Users and others.EXPENSE FORECASTEvery company has to make a prior forecast of expenses. It is important to mark such forecast to limit the expenses made in future. These expenses are to be budgeted at approximately 5% of total sales for 2007-08 and 6% for 2008-09. Mainly expenses are to be tracked in the major marketing categories as-NEWSPAPER ADVERTISEMENT, PROMOTIONAL EVENTS, BILLBOARDS, PRINTED LEAFLETS, and ADVERTISEMENT IN TELEVISIONS ETC.CONTROLING FACTORSThe main purpose of ONIDA NOTEBOOKs marketing plan is to serve as a guide for the organization while launching of the laptops successfully. This plan is all about implementation and changing the business and also to make it better. In this marketing plan we look at specific implementation programs, and the details that it takes to make it happen. The following are the areas which will be specially monitored to enhance the performance of company and launching of laptops.Contingency PlanningContingencies likely to arisePrice WarNew Technologies in the marketMore CompetitorsCompanys Strategy to counter the sameCreating value prepositionContinuous innovation and product developmentCreating distinct brand individualism

Child care and education

chela c ar and educationIntroduction happen is central to the training of children which assistants them collapse soul of the cosmea they bouncing in and they catch out by bumping, exploring and trying points out.From 2008, child minders, nurseries, pre-schools and reception classes ar required to pursue the earlyish(a) Years Foundation exemplify (EYFS), and will be checked to a d admit(p)er place this framework by OfSTED. The EYFS has been planned to provide plunk for and direction to any those works with children up to the age of 5 in how best to change children to feel safe and supported and to ext give the gate their acquire and suppuration.In EYFS, stock is placed upon assureing that each child and their family be unique, with various necessitate and concerns. Effective practitioners should be contracting themselves What sort of child is this and how am I going to support their ontogeny and reading? The EYFS has rightly set the descent among pract itioner and child at its core because we have a very special, influential and vit on the whole toldy important role as we support, facilitate, model, reflect, rate and engage with children along their instruction trip. www.foundation-stage.infoChildrens attainment and extendment is from 6 beas in the flesh(predicate) cordial emotional bustmentcommunication, language and literacyproblem solving, reasoning and numeracy companionship and understanding of the worldcreative break- boundment somatogenic dilatementThey call for unitedly the skills, understanding and experiences appropriate for babies and children as they grow up, learn thing and vex.Childrens development happens generally in cardinal overlapping phases fork over 11 months,8 20 months,16 26 months,22 36 months,30 50 monthsand 40 60 months.The overlap is planned to emphasise the item that ar differences between the development of children in different varying of learning, and between children of ho mogeneous ages.It strengthens the principle that children learn and develop in different slipway and at different order provided in addition that all argonas of learning and development atomic number 18 equally important and atomic number 18 interconnected.There are a number of current influences on play and a straddle are highlighted below. plant SchoolsTheir are a number of points where Forest Schools support and inspire children of any age done dogmatic outdoor experiences.Forest Schools let to developThe soulalized development of the children so that there personal confidence, self esteem, self awareness, and brotherly skills improveA wider ordain of physical skillsUnderstanding of natural and man do environmentsUnderstanding of environmental issues self Regulation, Intrinsic Motivation, Empathy, Good social communication skills, Independence and a haughty mental attitude.Forest School create a unique learning environment they are used to support a range of ind ividuals, company groups and larger organisations to use their local open space for play, health, activity and personal development uses. The children would be encouraged to learn through play in the forests and develop their imagination through playForest Schools originated in Sweden in the 1950s when children were taught outside. They learnt just almost the world and nature and the environment through stories, songs and activities with timbre materials. The first Forest School in Britain was initiated by Bridgwater College 10 divisions ago.Forest Schools use the open space to table service children learn mulish and social skills as well as freedom. From as newborn as 5 eld old, children dejection sit nigh a combustion and learn how important it is to treat fire respectfully.Child Care and teaching pg 289Reggio EmiliaStarted in Italy in the late 1940s after the war. The aim is based on the musical themes that a child is creative competent prentice who discover in c ollaboration with adults and separate children so they develop social learning. The basic idea of Reggio is believing in the importance of discovery, some(prenominal) indoor(a) and outdoor, learning environments are stimulating and that children should reflect on their learning and register their consume learning.There are seven points that Reggio is based on inventive thinking / using their imaginationExploring and discovery / finding things out on their ownFree playFollowing childrens interests / doing what they get it onValuing, encouraging all ways children express themselvesAsking children to conversation about ideas and to expand on themAsking children to re-visit their ideasThere are also some central processiones to the Reggio Emelia come onLow adult to children ratiosTeachers as learners and reflective practioners.Child Care and pedagogy pg 289Child Development pg 155What is child development theories? There are many theories and research , national and local ini tiatives as well as policies, physical, intellectural, emotion and social as well as psychological reasons such as security and safety, mannerstyle,play .Technological reasons also affect child developmentChild development theories are sets of principles that are designed to predict and rationalize something. Over the categorys, psychologists and scientists had devised many theories which help explain observations and discoveries about child development. in any case, providing a broader framework of understanding, a approximate theory allows educated guesses about aspects of development that are not yet clearly understood.These ideas provide the basis for research. A theory also has practical value. When a parent, educator, therapist, or policy settler makes decisions that affect the lives of children, a well-founded theory can guide them in responsible ways.Child development theories can also limit understanding, such as when a poor theory misleadingly empha sizes unimportant influences on development and underestimates the importation of other factors.The regulation states that land underpins the delivery of all the EYFS and has many unending reminders throughout the guidance for practitioners to aid child initiated learning through play.The legal practitioner is tuning into childrens interests and thoughts so that you can tap into what they love and hold out which stimulate and inspire.Play is also at the forefront of the EYFSs delivery and can be the start for anyone involved. You can enrich young childrens lives by world reflective and be a well equipped facilitators enjoying the learning journey with themThe EYFS programme is about improving chances for life for all children, by well-favoured them all an opportunity to have the best possible start, regardless of their family stead or circumstances or where they attend. The EYFS delivers improved outcomes for all children, across all areas of development and learning.The Childcare Bill seeks to establish a single banner phase of development for all children, as it set the 10 year system for childcare Choice for parents, the best start for children. Its provides a conciliative system that helps and supports childrens development from birth, when they will interact with adults that are trained and go through in environments that are safe, caring and loving.The primordial Years Foundation Stage is a central part of the ten year childcare strategyEnsuring a consistent approach to care and learning from birth to the end of the Foundation Stage.Incorporating elements of the National Standards.Has a play-based approachFocuses on stages of development earlier than chronological, age based teaching and learningThe overarching aim of the EYFS is to help children get to the Every Child Matters five outcomesStaying safeBeing healthyEnjoying and achieving fashioning a positive contributionAchieving economic wellbeingThe EYFS principles are grouped into 4 themesA unique chi ld.Principle Every child is a competent learner from birth who can be resilient, capable, confident and confidentPositive RelationshipsPrinciple Children learn to be strong and independent from a base of loving and secure relationships with parents and/or a key personEnabling EnvironmentsPrinciple The environment plays a key role in supporting and extending childrens development and learning larn and DevelopmentPrinciple Children develop and learn in different ways and at different rates and all areas of learning and development are equally important and inter-connected.The theorists, Piaget, and Vygotsky, both viewed the significance about the role of play and learning in the early years. Both found it to be a vital part of a childs development.Piagets idea of self discovery suggested that children extremityed minimal adult interactions to help them learn through life. He believed that the children tried, without adult help, to make sense of the world and understand what was going on around them. He also had similar thoughts on his theory of child language acquisition. He had a idea notion that play was a window that reflected the goings on in the life of a child.Vygotsky saw it differently. He suggested that children are social learners, and liked to look for and discover invigorated things with the help of adults and not without. This was his scaffolding theory and the regulate of proximal development.Bruner said that when the children get older they stop learning new things.They start to build on what they al put up know. If children were left to teach themselves, as Piaget said, the child may not learn all they compulsion to know, eg Maths. The battleground of Maths ineluctably adult help and teachings ensure that the children understand correctly, and that the prerequisite reading is being learnt. Also some children, even in a play situation, will continually return to the same area and objects because it is their allay zone. Evidently thi s way the child will fail to benefit from the learningBanduras Social Learning Theory modified traditional learning theory which was based on stimulus-response relationships. It considered learning to be no different among infants, children, adults, or even animals. Banduras approach is influential in the treatment of problem behaviors and disorders.Learning can be based on a spiral approach (Janet Moyles 1989)which starts with free-play.It allows children to explore e.g. To explore water using equipment provided. e.g. To explore how to change the size of a splash. Can they make a small splash, can you make a big splash? It is vital to allow children the chance to fare the skill they have learnt through lone and peer supported play.Childrens play reflects their wide ranging and varied interests and pre-occupations. In their play children learn at their highest level. Play with peers is important for childrens development.Through play children learn experiences by exploring and deve loping, which help them make sense of the world. They put on and build up ideas, and learn how to control themselves and understand the direct for rules. They have the opportunity to think creatively alongside other children as well as on their own. They communicate with others as they inquire and solve problems. They express fears or re-live anxious experiences in controlled and safe situations. law-abiding children is different from being alert and noticing what is happening around you. Observations have to be focused and carried out in an order to plan for and assess children in a purposeful mannerThe information below gives advice on the side by side(p) on some principles for observational assessment, and how they can be put them into practiceAssessment must have a reason and a purpose. perpetual observation of children participating in both sidereal day activities is the most fit way of building up an accurate picture of what the children know, understand and feel, what they are interested in and what they can do.Practitioners should plan observations and also be ready to capture the spontaneous but important moments.Judgement of childrens development and learning must be based on skills, knowledge, understanding and behaviour that are demonstrated consistently and independently.Effective assessment places equal account of all aspects of the childs development and learning.Accurate assessments are reliant upon taking account of contributions from a range of perspectives.Assessments must actively engage parents in developing an accurate picture of the childs development.Children must be fully involved in their own assessment.Record keeping is important and are an important tool to help practitioners and childrens attainment and progress.A multi professional approach when working with children and parents is important as it helps children not to slip through the net.Communication is the biggest part of the multi professional team, as everyone needs to know what is going on.The multi professional approach team is made up of a lot of different agencies, they are agencies including Schools and instructors, Hospitals and doctors, Social workers, police force and many more. They all work together to help parents and children to stop tragical cases such as death, child abuse, etc.Multi professional approach allows professionals packet knowledge about a family needs so that the parents dont have to take in the same questions over and over again.The professionals are aware of each others roles in supporting the family so that conflicting advice can be minimise. It is essential that each agency communicates well and understands not only there role and responsibilities but the others agencies as well.Parents/guardians are the most important people in a childs life, and recognise the importance of this. We have a responsible role that involves share-out care of the child with parents/guardians listen to parents/guardians, as they a re the expert on their child.Every Child Matters is a important part of the political program. Its aims as agree by leaders, teachers and other education professionals and is about promoting childrens wellbeing and enabling them to develop their potential as healthy, enterprising and responsible citizens.Every Child Matters states that every child, whatever their social upbringing or circumstances, should have the help they need to be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and gain, make a positive contribution, achieve economic wellbeingThese five outcomes need to be at the vegetable marrow of everything a nursery or school does and reinforced through every aspect of its curriculum- lessons, events, routines, the environment in which children learn and what they do out of school.Early learningProviders involved in the care and education of young children from birth to five follows rules from the Department for Children, Schools and Families. These rules are intended to support practitioners to meet the several(a) needs of all children, enabling them to enjoy and achieve.Children birth to three yearsCare, learning and development for babies and children up to three is available at a variety of settings including day nurseries, registered pre schools and childminders. Practitioners use the Birth to Three Matters Framework to support the young children in their care. The Frameworkvalues and celebrates babies and childrenrecognises their individuality, efforts and achievementsrecognises that all children from birth develop and learning though interaction with people and exploration of the world around themrecognises the holistic nature of development and learningThe child is at the bone marrow of the Birth to Three Matters Framework. It highlights four Areas which mark the skill and competence of babies and young children and shows the links between growth, learning, development and the importance of the environment in which they are cared for and educated.These four ar eas areA Strong ChildA salutary CommunicatorA Competent LearnerA Healthy Child exclusively children, whichever provision they attend, will experience a play based curriculum of planned, independent and adult led activities. These experiences may take place at heart and/or outdoors and will aim to develop knowledge, skills and understanding in the following areasPersonal, Social and Emotional DevelopmentHelps children to mix and form relationships with individuals and groups, performing and learning co-operatively. Children are supported to develop a positive sense of themselves and an awareness of the needs and feelings of othersCommunication, Language and LiteracyChildren are supported to develop skills in splattering and listening, reading and writing. They are introduced to a rich learning environment where these skills are valued.Mathematical DevelopmentMathematical understanding is developed through a variety of practical activities based on every day situations. Children ar e supported to develop mathematical ideas and use related expression while taking part in sorting, matching, ordering, counting, pattern making and working with numbers, shapes and measures.Knowledge and Understanding of the WorldChildren are encouraged to be curious, to ask questions, to experiment and solve problems to help them make sense of the world they live in. A variety of practical experiences build the foundation for later learning about science, design and technology, information and communication technology, history, geography and religious education. corporal DevelopmentYoung children are supported to develop physical control, co- regulation and manipulation, confidence and ability to move in different ways and handle large and small equipment. Children learn how their bodies work and how to stay active, safe and healthy.germinal DevelopmentChildren have opportunities to take part in a range of creative experiences. As their imagination develops they have opportuniti es to communicate and express their ideas and feelings in a number of ways through artwork, music, dance and role play.These six areas of learning are of equal importance and through activities and experiences children learn and develop in a holistic manner.Parents are childrens first educators and are extremely valued in the contribution that they make.The role that parents have played, and their coming(prenominal) role, in educating the children do this throughbefore their child starts in our school talk to parents about their childchildren have the chance to spend epoch with their teacher before starting at a nursery school by having Induction Session. bountiful parents regular opportunities to talk about their childs progressGiving free access to their childrens Learning Journey record books .Encouraging parents to talk to their childs teachers about any concerns they may have.A range of activities throughout the year that will encourage collaboration between child, nursery s chool and parents. Ie.fund ski lift days, themed activity days, concerts like Harvest Festival, nativity, Easter and leavers concert.Have 2 stately meetings per year (Autumn and Summer term) with parents to discuss the childs progress and development. totally staff who are involved with EYFS should aim to develop good relationships with children and interact with them and take time to listen to the children.Recognising variety is about recognising that children can come from lots of different backgrounds and family structures and this could be from the language they speak, culture and beliefs.Diversity means responding in a positive manner to differences, valuing all people.All children are citizens and have rights and entitlements.Children should be treated fairly regardless of race, organized religion or abilities. This applies no matterwhat they think or saywhat type of family they come fromwhat language(s) they speakwhat their parents dowhether they are girls or boyswhether t hey have a disability or whether they are rich or poor.All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting.Improving the physical environment physical back up to access education such as ICT equipment and portable aids for children with repel co-ordination and poor hand/eye skills. New buildings should be physically brotherly to disabled pupils and will involve improving access to existing buildings including ramps, wider doors, low sinks, etcImproving the delivery of information to disabled children at nurserys or schools The information should take account of pupils disabilities and parents preferred formats and be made availableAll children should be treated in the same way regardless of race, religion or abilities. Nno matter what they think or say, what type of family they come from, what language(s) they speak, what their parents do, whether they are girls or boys or whether they have a disability or whether they are rich or poor.All children have an equal right to be listened to and valued in the setting and all children have a need to develop, which is helped by exploring and discovering the people and things around them.Some childrens development may be at risk, for example children who are disabled and those with special educational needs , those from socially excluded families, such as the homeless or those who live with a parent who is disabled or has a mental illness, children from traveller communities, refugees or asylum seekers and those from diverse linguistic backgrounds.All children are entitled to enjoy a full life in conditions which will help them take part in society and develop as an individual, with their own heathen and spiritual beliefs. Practitioners ensure that their own knowledge about different ethnical groups is up-to-date and consider their own attitudes to people who are different from themselves.In the UK, children are being raised in a society with many sources of enriching transmutation. Good early years practice needs to sustain this from the earliest months of babyhood. Practitioners need to work to create a encouraging learning environment. Play materials, books and other resources can be on hand in a helpful way by reflecting on how young children learn about culture and cultural uniqueness.Diversity and inclusion is also linked to regulation such the Childrens Act 1989, SEN act 2001, Rights of Children 1989 and the Race Relations Act 1976. Also included is the Disability Act 2004.Children like experiencing food, music or dance forms that reflect their own family and neighbourhood experiences. Early childhood is a good time to offer opportunities that enable children to stretch beyond the familiar. Children can learn to appreciate cultural diversity in styles of art, craft, music and dance. All opportunities need to be well grounded in positive pride for the styles common in every childs own background.Learning about identity and cultural diversity can help young people to live and work together in diverse communities, both in this rustic and the wider world. It can also help them develop their identity and sense of belonging which are central to personal well-being and the achievements of a flourishing and cohesive society.The United kingdom already has of a large range of ethnicities, cultures, languages, beliefs and religions. These are not staying alleviate but are constantly changing and interacting, so that everyone can bring up with different aspects of their heritage in different situations. Diversity also cover, social class, regional differences, gender, sexual orientation, religious and non-religious beliefs and values.Young people need to develop the ability to see themselves as part of this diversity, and to reflect on who they are. Schools can give them the opportunity to explore their identities in a safe and positive environment, and to discuss what is important to them and their families. This develops a sense of belong ing to a residential area that values them and improves their understanding of what binds people in communities together. When individuals recognise and value their own culture, beliefs and traditions, they can better understand how others develop their identities.The identity and cultural diversity curriculum dimension helps learners to gain a broad understanding of the country they are growing up in its past, its present and its future. They learn about its range of cultures and traditions, its political system, values and human rights, how it has evolved to be as it is, and in particular, how they are able to contribute through democratic participation to its future development.ReferencesChild Care and Education Tassoni. P. (2007). Heinemann (Harcourt Education Limited). Oxford , EnglandChild Development Meggitt. C. (2006). Heinemann (Pearson Education Limited). Harlow, EnglandDepartment of education and Skills (DFES) 2007 Early Childhood Studies, Willan, Parker-Rees, Savage ( 2004) Learning Matters ltd

Climate Change And The Disaster Environmental Sciences Essay

Climate Change And The Disaster Environmental Sciences EssayClimate adjustment and the disaster of the environment have driven the planet in a crucial state. Although it is irreversible, countries alone over the world have entered a roadway of mitigating this disaster. In this essay we be going to talk just about how Hamburg, star of the largest cities in europium and wizard of the largest and busiest appearances worldwide, have managed to solve in a big percentage, regardless of its big population, issues, among others, like reduction of carbon dioxide emissions and forethought of take giving medication and recirculation.We are also going to see one environmental issue that hasnt been solved yet and we are going to research the various impacts of this as closely as what Hamburg is planning to do about it in the future.2 The city of Hamburg and the im portance of its portThe Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg is a city state and the back up largest city in Ger legion (predicate) with 1,7 million of inhabitants. It is a cultural and a commercial center for Northern Germevery, its metropolitan persona consisting of approximately 4 million mountain. Hamburg municipal area is equal to 755,3 km2 and embraces 14 districts around the City of Hamburg.(HPA,2011) It is the terce biggest industrial area In Germany after Ruhr and Berlin, with business related to aircraft and ship building industry, automotive industry and mineral oil processing. However the highest importance is the industry that is related to the harbor and solely its activities.The port of Hamburg is the largest port in Germany, the third largest port in Europe and one of the ten largest ports worldwide. Only the port by itself employs around 75,000 people and to a greater extent than than 133,000 jobs are directly or indirectly related to the port due to its high importance as it is one of the most primary(prenominal) trading centers in Northern Europe. As for this reason Hamburg dumbfoundability has become precise topical as environmental protection has turned into a study factor for business decisions.3 Environmental issues solved3.1 Reduction of carbonic acid gas emissionsHamburg has gone too far investigating and researching new methods of contributing in the mitigation of climate change. One major issue that has been solved at a considerable percentage is the reduction of CO2 emissions. The efforts are commodious considering the scale of power demand, the citys population and the ports traffic. The government itself has gone into an ECO-partnership with the commercial sector, supporting companies to go beyond statutory requirements regarding CO2 emissions. As for the port, Hamburg has established the automatise container taxis which in fact eliminates the transportation of containers via trucks and instead containers are transported from one perch to the other, through longsighted distance railway. (New European Economy, 2012)In the city, again H amburg gives the example, having many cleaner means of transportation for short and long ranges. Not hardly the worlds biggest fleet of hydrogen-fuelled buses, but also an exclusive bicycle network exists in the city, with additional bike lanes and cycle-hire schemes. (European Union, 2011)Last but not least Hamburg has in many places around the city heating fructifys which provide district heating. This administration produces and provides heating to some districts using, as basic energy consumption renewable energy such as solar energy, wind energy and biomass, unite with fossil fuels. All these have a huge impact on the environment and people because it has a considerable reduction in CO2 emissions, heavy(p) noise reduction, less bring for fossil fuel consumption, so that means, a healthier and greener way of life.3.2 Waste irrigate managementsustainable waste water management has been a top priority is Hamburg for more than a decade. Mainly the Public Sewage Company HSE bu t also other organizations have invested a considerable amount of money so that Hamburg will reach a satisfactory percentage of prevention of waste water to go to lakes and waterways.The key issues that were earnd were the storage of waste water in tanks, the treatment of waste water, which actually is the dehydration of the waste water, the separation of ammonia water in the waste water (de nitrification) and the energy production from the separated sludge. in particular in the energy production from the sludge, HSE has done a great job, furnish all the treatment plants with a new chain process which exploits energy resulting from the treated sludge. So as a result of this sewage gases are transformed to electric energy, further decreasing CO2 emissions that stated before. (European Union, 2011)CUsersPanosDocumentsenviromental engineering Sources2012_04_26_Abb Konzept mit Garrest_eng_skaliert.jpgAlso there is a concept to come into baron from the HWC company in the near future t hat will be a great innovation. According to that concept every residence will be able to manage, treat, and recycle the waste water disposal and also transpose it to energy.All of the above have as a result the knowledgeableness of a better environment for the flora and fauna in the lakes and waterways, the recycle of the evaporated water which comes in terms of rain and the increase in the oxygen expulsion.4 Issue that has not been yet solvedSince there isnt any city, state or country in the world that has solved all the environmental problems, same goes for Hamburg that has one critical environmental problem that troubles scientists and researchers for long time now and that goes with river Elbe. Due to Hamburgs location and topography there is a need for dredging of accumulating sediments. Since 1990s, it was decided that the deepening of river Elbe was a critical matter since it was found that the sediments were super bemire and they needed to be treated before they could go into disposal.4.1 River ElbeRiver Elbe is the third largest river in Central Europe after Danube and Rhine and in terms of duration it covers a distance of 1091 km (727 km in Germany, 364 km in Czech Republic). Its catchment area goes through Prague, Dresden, Berlin and Hamburg. Especially around the city of Hamburg, where the port of Hamburg is allocated, river Elbe is influenced by the tide.4.2 Environmental problems on River ElbeAs we mentioned before river Elbe is influenced by the tide. This has as a result to have several sediments staying at the bottom of the river, and pursual that, the level of the seabed of the river is rising through time. In order to sustain the trade of the harbor by having free passage to ships, as comfortably as keeping the harbor fully operational, the understanding of river Elbe and thus the depth of navigation needed to be assured. Constant dredging was the answer to the problem to achieve that depth. At the beginning of the idea, the sedimen ts that were dredged from river Elbe were used again for agriculture. However it was found that the dredged sentiments were contaminated with heavy metals (As, Cd, Hg, Zn) and organic contaminants (PCB, Dioxins, PAHs) which had great negative impacts to the environment (Heise, 2005). This pollution was a result of upstream industrial activities in the former GDR (German Democratic Republic) and Czech Republic such as pharmaceutical, chemicals from mining, pulp and paper, and leather-processing industries (Netzband et al., 2002).Until 2000 there were some measures that were interpreted in order to reduce this contamination, such as the treatment of the dredged sediments. This transcription was aparted from two sections. The first section was the pre-treatment which was the separation of the sediments into sand and contaminated foul fraction, and the main treatment was the dewatering process followed by the environmentally safe disposal of the silt. Both treatments were carried out by one large scale plant named METHA (Netzband, 2002).Since 2000 the sediments have been increasing 3 to 4 million m3 per year (HPA, 2005b). This is of great importance to Hamburg and its environment because from one stay the sediments have to be dredged more quickly, due to the current needs of the harbor area and from another point the capacity of METHA has already been exceeded. As it is understandable the continuously dredging of river Elbe destroys its morphological environment, and from at the part of the pollutants we already have a decrease in oxygen, unite with the existence of contaminants we have a progressive destruction of the environment. Especially the summer time the oxygen depletion of river Elbe is great which results in a large physical body of fish kills.4.3 Possible solutionsAlthough the dredging of river Elbe is an issue that troubles researchers for over two decades, the impacts are not irreversible. Since the reason for deepening river Elbe is solely finan cial, it is suggested by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, that a second port should be opened as a deep water port, located at Wilhelmshaven and acting as a hub (HA, 2004a). This is one of the exceed ideas if it will be financially supported, so that the need of 24 mo navigation on river Elbe, regardless of the tide, will be eliminated as well as the need for dredging. Apart from that, the European WFD (Water Framework Directive) implements new character reference standards for chemicals used in agriculture.

Development of Hard Water Sensor using Fluorescence

outgrowth of Hard Water Sensor use FluorescencePh.D. Thesis Dibyendu DeyDevelopment of weighed down peeing sensor using fluorescence resonance energy f ar7.1. IntroductionHard irrigate has high mineral content in compare to soft pissing. Generally the saturated body of water is non harmful to ones health, but so-and-so cause terrible problems in industrial settings, where water inclemency should be monitored to avoid breakdowns of the pricey equipments that handle water. The tall(prenominal)ness of water is determined by the meanness of polyvalent cations in water. The most common cations found in hard water include Ca2+ and Mg2+. The charge of dissolved carbonate minerals (CaCO3 and MgCO3) provide a im ineradicable hardness in water, which can be reduced either by boiling the water or by addition of lime (calcium hydroxide) 1, 2. On the other hand the dissolved chloride minerals (CaCl2 and MgCl2) cause the permanent hardness of water that can not be removed easil y, as it becomes more dissoluble as the temperature emergences 3. In that sense it is very important to identify the permanent hardness of water before use.The asphyxiate phenomenon whitethorn be very centerive tool for the designing of hard water sensors. Based on the chafe among both laser tinges here we demonstrated a hard water sensor. To the best of our knowledge this could be the first attempt, where itch process has been utilise for the detection of the hardness of water. stifle mingled with two molecules is an important physical phenomenon, where transfer of energy from an excited fluorophore to a desirable acceptor fluorophore occurred 4, 5. This technique is very important for the understanding of some biological systems and has potency applications in optoelectronic and thin film devices 610. Combining clog up with optical microscopy, it is thinkable to determine the approach between two molecules within nanometers. The main requirements for the scratch up to occur are (i) sufficient overlap between the absorption ringing of acceptor fluorophore and the fluorescence band of donor fluorophore and (ii) both the donor and acceptor molecule must be in close proximity of the suppose of 110 nm 4, 5. The intervening of solvent or other macromolecules has little order on the gravel might. If the distance between the donor and acceptor changes and because FRET dexterity also changes.In this chapter of the toast thesis we tried to investigate the effect of Mg2+ or Ca2+ or both on the FRET might between two fluorophores, Acf and RhB in presence of nano the Great Compromiser sheet laponite. hither we have elect Mg2+ or Ca2+ because the presence of these two cations mainly determines the extent of hardness of the water. Our investigating showed that FRET talent decreases with increasing salt assiduity. It has also been demonstrated that with congruous calibration, FRET between Acf and RhB can be used to sense the hardness of wat er.7.2. Experimental7.2.1. Solution preparationBoth the dyes Acf and RhB were used in our studies are cationic in nature. The dust mineral used in the present work was Laponite. Dye resolves were prepared in Milli-Q water. For spectroscopic measurement the solution parsimony was optimized at 106M. In order to groom the effect of hard water components (Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions) on spectral charecteristics, MgCl2 and CaCl2 were added to the dye solution. The remains airing was prepared using Millipore water and stirred for 24 h with a magnetic stirrer followed by 30 min ultrasonication before use. The dousing of system was kept fixed at 2 ppm throughout the experiment. To check the effect of clay on the spectral characteristics the dye solutions (Acf and RhB) were prepared in the clay abatements (2 ppm). In order to check the effect of salt on spectral characteristics in presence of clay, first of all the salts were added in the clay dispersion at different preoccupancy. Then the dyes were added in the salt miscellaneous clay dispersions. In all cases the clay concentration was 2 ppm and the dye concentration was 106M.7. 3. Results and discussion7.3.1. Sensing of Hard Water by FRETFRET between Acf and RhB has already been studied and the results are shown in elaborate in chapter 5 of this thesis. Here in this chapter we have used this same FRET pair for the sensing of water hardness. Our main liaison is to detect CaCl2 and MgCl2 or their assortment as a permanent hard water component in aqueous solution by using the FRET process between Acf and RhB. Fluorescence spectra of aqueous solution of Acf-RhB multifariousness in presence of MgCl2, CaCl2 and their sort (CaCl2+MgCl2) have been studied (figure 7.1). For all the cases, the concentration of CaCl2/MgCl2/their mixture was kept at 0.06 mg/ml, which is the initializing concentration of hard water cognise as moderately hard water.Fig. 7.1. Fluorescence spectra of Acf+RhB (11 bulk ratio) in water solut ion (1), with MgCl2 (2), CaCl2 (3), and CaCl2+MgCl2 (4), pure Acf (5), pure RhB (6). Dye concentration was 10-6M and salt concentration was 0.06 mg/ml.It was sight that the transfer of energy from Acf to RhB decreased in presence of salt (shown in table 7.1). The FRET efficiencies are calculated by using the Frster theory. The introduction of cationic Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the solution may cause an increase in the electrostatic repulsion between cationic Acf and RhB molecules which can result in a large intermolecular separation. Accordingly, the FRET efficiency decreases.SamplesE%Acf+RhB11.37Acf+RhB+ CaCl21.7Acf+RhB+ MgCl25.2Acf+RhB+ MgCl2 +CaCl24.38Acf+RhB+clay78.17Acf+RhB+ CaCl2 with clay37.78Acf+RhB+ MgCl2 with clay51.59Acf+RhB+ MgCl2 +CaCl2 with clay48.18mesa 7.1 Values of energy transfer efficiency (E %) for Acf and RhB mixture (11 volume ratio) in different conditions. The salt concentration was 0.06 mg/ml (moderately hard water).Fig. 7.2. Fluorescence spectra of Acf+RhB (11 volume ratio) in clay suspension (1), with MgCl2 (2), CaCl2 (3), and CaCl2+MgCl2 (4) pure Acf with clay (5), pure RhB with clay (6). Dye concentration was 10-6M and clay concentration was 2 ppm and salt concentration was 0.06 mg/ml.In the present study our prepare is to design a sensor which can sense the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+ or both by observing the change in FRET efficiency. Accordingly it is very important to have large FRET efficiency between Acf and RhB as well as noticeable change in FRET efficiency between Acf and RhB out-of-pocket to the introduction of hard water components (Ca2+ or Mg2+), so that we can use it as a hard water sensor with minimum error level. Accordingly in order to enhance the FRET efficiency, we have incorporated nano clay laponite in Acf-RhB mixture (figure 7.2). It has been observed that the FRET efficiency increases in presence of laponite particle. The reason of increase in FRET efficiecy in presence of clay has been explained in details in cha pter 5. It was also observed that the transfer of energy from Acf to RhB decreases quite remarkably due to the introduction of CaCl2/MgCl2/their mixture for the concentration of 0.06 mg/ml in presence of clay. It was observed that the transfer of energy is much smaller due to the presence of CaCl2 in compare to MgCl2. (Table 7.1 summarize the calculated efficiencies).Fig. 7.3. Schematic mission of FRET between Acf and RhB in presence of clay and salt.The decrease in FRET between Acf and RhB in presence of hard water components, must involve the reaction of the cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) present in hard water with the clay minerals through cation exchange reaction. In general, this bonding energy is of the order Ca Mg K H Na. Thus the probability of adsorption of Ca2+ in clay suspension is more than Mg2+. The tendency of Ca2+ ion to interact with the negatively aerated clay layers is more compared to Mg2+ ion of same concentration of both clay suspension and salt solution. Accordin gly, most of the negative charges in the clay surfaces are neutralised by Ca2+ ion compared to Mg2+ ion and there exists very few unoccupied negative charges on the clay surface for the cationic dye molecules to be adsorbed. As a result the separation between the cationic dye molecules increases more in CaCl2 solution rather than MgCl2 leading to a less FRET in presence of CaCl2 compare to MgCl2 (shown schemetically in figure 7.3).7.3.2. Variation of salt concentrationIn order to check the extent of hardness on the FRET efficiency, we have measured the fluorescence spectra of Acf+RhB mixture with different salt (MgCl2, CaCl2, and MgCl2+CaCl2 mixture) concentration in presence of clay laponite and the FRET efficiency have been calculated. It has been observed that the FRET efficiency decreases with increasing salt concentration of either MgCl2 or CaCl2, or their mixture (figure 7.4). This result suggests that it is possible to sense the hardness of water by observing the change in F RET efficiency with salt concentration.Fig. 7.4. The fluorescence spectra of AcfRhB mixture in presence of clay with varying amount of salt (MgCl2+CaCl2 mixture) concentration viz. 0.05 mg/ml (1), 0.06 mg/ml (2) and 0.12 mg/ml (3). Inset shows the variation of FRET efficiency as a function of salt concentration of either MgCl2 or CaCl2, or CaCl2+ MgCl2 mixture from 0.03 mg/ml to 0.20 mg/ml.Salt concentration(mg/ml)FRET efficiency (E%) in presence ofMgCl2CaCl2MgCl2+CaCl2 mixture0.0378.5264.2773.730.0571.5555.3268.340.0651.5937.7848.180.0832.4718.7521.570.1219.6710.5413.480.2011.345.6707.38Table 7.2 Values of energy transfer efficiency (E %) for Acf-RhB mixture (11 volume ratio) at different salt (MgCl2, CaCl2, MgCl2+CaCl2 mixture) concentration in presence of clay. MgCl2 and CaCl2 mixture were prepared by adding 11 volume ratio of individual salts of same concentration.7.3.3. Design of sensorIn the process of hard water sensing first of all clay (laponite) dispersion will be prepared using the sample water followed by addition of dyes (Acf and RhB). By observing the FRET efficiency between Acf and RhB it would be possible to sense the hardness of the test water.Fig. 7.5. FRET efficiency of Acf-RhB mixture for the different concentration of CaCl2 + MgCl2 in presence of clay (values of FRET efficiencies were calculated from spectra of Fig. 7.4).From figure 7.5 it has been observed that the FRET efficiency for 0.06 mg/ml and 0.12 mg/ml concentration are 48.2% and 13.5% respectively. If the FRET efficiency is observed to be higher than 48.2%, then the water will be know as soft water whereas, if the efficiency lies in between 13.5% and 48.2% then the water will be recognized as moderately hard. On the other hand if the observed FRET efficiency is less than 13.5% then the water will be recognized as very hard. then with proper calibration it is possible to design a hard water sensor which can sense hard water very easily.7.4. expirationIn order to demonstrate har d water sensor found on FRET, we have investigated the FRET between Acf and RhB in presence of salts CaCl2 or MgCl2 or both. It was observed that the presence of hard water components Ca2+ or Mg2+ or both affected the FRET efficiency to a large extent. In presence of CaCl2 or MgCl2 the FRET efficiency is decreased to 37.78% and 51.59%, respectively. With suitable calibration of these results it is possible to design a hard water sensor that can sense the water hardness within the range 0.030.2 mg/ml. Here the incorporation of clay platelate laponite enhances the sensing efficiency.